末次冰期以来格尔木河填充-切割及驱动机制初探

格尔木河水系是位于青藏高原东北部的一个较大的内陆水系,它发源于东昆仑山主脊.由南向北流经于昆仑山商,最终流入柴达木盆地中的达布逊盐湖.格尔木河水系河谷地貌和沉积,尤其是晚第四纪以来发育的阶地系列是本区构造运动和气候变化信息的良好载体,对研究青藏高原的环境演化具有重要意义.通过对格尔木河水系小干沟、纳赤台和三岔河等典型河...     

Late Pleistocene glaciation of the Hulifang Massif of Gongwang mountains in Yunnan Province

Late Pleistocene glaciation was restricted to only a few high mountains in eastern China. The Gongwang mountains constitute one of the typical places once glaciated. Geomorphic mapping of the area and the TL dating provides evidence for at least four distinct glaciations. YJT-I glacial advance occurred about 100 ka BP and two TL absolute ages (101,100 ±7780 a BP; 104,000±8300 a BP) indicate this advance happened during the Penultimale Glaciation. The early stage glacial advance (YJT-II advance) during the last glaciation occurred about 40,920±3400 a BP. The last glacial maximum advance (YJT-III advance) about 18-25 ka BP, which sustained by two TL ages (18,230 ±1420 a BP; 25,420 ±2110 a BP). The Penultimale and the early stage glaciations were more extensive and the last glacial maximum (LGM) and the late-glacial period (YJT-IV advance, 10 ka BP) were progressively less extensive. Correlated with the other mountains in eastern China, these glacial advances in the Gongwang mountains just like the advances in the western part such as Diancang mountains, Yulong mountains of Yunnan Province and the glacier series are more complete than the adjacent mid-latitude regions such as Taibai mountain and Taiwan mountains and are roughly representative of climate changes during the last glacial cycle in Yunnan Province.     

Quaternary glaciation of Mount Everest

The Quaternary glacial history of the Rongbuk valley on the northern slopes of Mount Everest is examined using field mapping, geomorphic and sedimentological methods, and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and ¹⁰Be terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide (TCN) dating. Six major sets of moraines are present representing significant glacier advances or still-stands. These date to >330 ka (Tingri moraine), >41 ka (Dzakar moraine), 24–27 ka (Jilong moraine), 14–17 ka (Rongbuk moraine), 8–2 ka (Samdupo moraines) and ～1.6 ka (Xarlungnama moraine), and each is assigned to a distinct glacial stage named after the moraine. The Samdupo glacial stage is subdivided into Samdupo I (6.8–7.7 ka) and Samdupo II (～2.4 ka). Comparison with OSL and TCN defined ages on moraines on the southern slopes of Mount Everest in the Khumbu Himal show that glaciations across the Everest massif were broadly synchronous. However, unlike the Khumbu Himal, no early Holocene glacier advance is recognized in the Rongbuk valley. This suggests that the Khumbu Himal may have received increased monsoon precipitation in the early Holocene to help increase positive glacier mass balances, while the Rongbuk valley was too sheltered to receive monsoon moisture during this time and glaciers could not advance. Comparison of equilibrium-line altitude depressions for glacial stages across Mount Everest reveals asymmetric patterns of glacier retreat that likely reflects greater glacier sensitivity to climate change on the northern slopes, possibly due to precipitation starvation.     

长江中游泥沙与洪水来源的网湖沉积记录

在长江中游湖北省东部网湖湖心的采取柱状沉积物,用²¹⁰Pb+¹³⁷Cs方法测定表层的沉积速率.制作连续切片,选取深度7烈-88lmm的层型沉积较完整的一段样品,用显微镜量测浅色层和暗色层的厚度,采用电子探针确定层的地球化学成份,并由此计算了纹层的主要矿物组成.认为纹层主要是由于在洪水季节长江带来的浅色泥沙与在枯水季节富水河带来的含暗色矿物泥沙交替沉积形成的.泥沙主要来源于夏季长江倒灌入湖的洪水,部分来自长江支流富水河;冬季枯水季节,泥沙基本来源于长江支流富水河.     

新疆阿尔泰山哈纳斯河流域冰川湖泊的分类与沉积类型

根据１９８９－１９９０年两个夏季对阿尔泰山哈纳斯河流域冰川湖泊的野外调查并结合室内分析，对该流域冰川湖泊及其沉积类型进行了分类，按其成因冰川湖泊可分为：冰蚀湖、冰川阻塞湖，冰碛湖，冰川热融湖、以及复合成因的冰川湖泊，按补给类型，冰川湖泊还可以分为冰水湖和非冰水湖泊；冰川湖泊除了受到一般湖泊所具有的波浪作用，地表径流作用、块体运动、坡面水流作用以外，还存在冻胀作用，冰川作用和热力作用等。主要沉积类型     

ON PROFESSOR SHI YAFENG'S CONTRIBUTION TO QUATERNARY GLACIATION RESEARCH IN CHINA

冰期与间冰期旋回是第四纪最基本的气候特征.第四纪期间规模较大的冰川进退留下了丰富、形态独特的冰川地形,对其研究可以获得冰川的时空演化规律.“将今论古”是地质学最基本的工作原理,也是第四纪冰川研究的基本思路.从20世纪50年代,在施雅风先生的领导下,以现代冰川研究为契机,开展了青藏高原及周边山地的第四纪冰川研究,使我国第四纪冰川研究达到国际水平.在对我国西部地区(105°E以西)第四纪冰川有了相当认识后,进行了我国东部地区(105°E以东)第四纪冰川与环境问题的拨乱反正,将我国东部地区第四纪冰川与环境变化研究引向正确的方向.目前,我国第四纪冰川研究进入了以定年为特征的定量研究阶段.在此背景下,我国第四纪冰川将在测年技术的综合应用、老冰期冰川地形的定年、构造抬升与冰川发育的耦合关系等几个方面展开研究与探讨.     

Climate change since 11.5 ka on the Diancang Massif on the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau

The Diancang Massif is located in a region linking the Tibetan and Yungui Plateaus. Climatically, it is in a transition belt between the south and middle subtropical zones, controlled by Indian monsoon and westerlies. Thus, this study provides more evidences on the evolution of Indian monsoon since the Holocene. We reconstruct the history of climate on the Diancang Massif since 11.5 ka, using integrated correlation of glacial activities, early human settlement sites, and climate proxies abstracted from variations in grain size, magnetic susceptibility, geochemical composition, and pollen in lacustrine sediments. Six climatic stages have been identified. Stage I, from 11.5 ka to 9.0 ka, is a relatively wet period, corresponding to the onset of the Holocene; from 9.5 ka to 6.0 ka, the climate is arid; a cold period follows from 6.0 ka to 5.3 ka, and this is succeeded by a temperate stage from 5.3 ka to 4.0 ka; from 4.0 ka to 0.73 ka the climate is again arid. Compared with other regions dominated by the Indian monsoon, there is a delay in response of the climate on the Diancang Massif to the onset of the Holocene.     

ESR测年技术在第四纪冰川年代学中的研究综述

近些年,宇宙成因核素暴露年代、光释光和放射性碳埋藏年代等方法在第四纪冰碛物的年代测定中已经取得显著进展.但对于第四纪冰川沉积物10万年甚至百万年以上的冰碛物样品的埋藏年代和暴露年代,由于方法自身问题或沉积物后期地质地貌过程的改造,使上述方法存在定年方面的挑战.而电子自旋共振（ESR）广泛的测年范围,使其在第四纪样品的测年中发挥着不可替代的作用.目前,石英ESR信号的衰退特征已有许多研究进展,但是对于冰碛物中的ESR信号的研究还很少.ESR测年方法由于缺乏测年机理的研究,西方学者和国内一些测年学者对这种方法的定年存有疑虑.因此,我们在典型冰川区开展对冰碛物中石英砂ESR信号变化的机理研究,得到人工研磨可以使ESR信号强度下降到原来值的53%~69%,但并不能使ESR信号完全归零.如果在以后的研究中能够找出这些残留信号值大小,并予以扣除,将会大大提高ESR冰碛物测年精度.在今后的研究中应探求其测年机理,提高测试样品的石英纯度,增强ESR测年信号的精度,使这种方法成为冰碛物交叉测年中独立可信的测年方法之一,为第四纪冰川研究中的老冰碛物的定年提供准确的年代依据.     

祁连山摆浪河全新世冰量变化初探

采用祁连山老虎沟12号冰川2009年RTK测量生成的数字高程模型(DEM), 建立现代冰川表面横截面拟合的二次方程, 结合差分GPS测量的冰碛垄形态, 运用于祁连山摆浪河上游14号冰川和16号冰川全新世以来冰量变化的估算. 结果表明: 新冰期以来冰储量减少0.38 km³, 小冰期以来14号冰川和16号冰川的冰储量分别减少0.016 km³和0.047 km³; 根据祁连山全新世各个时期最大冰川范围的时间, 估计了全新世以来14号和16号冰川冰储量的减少速率, 新冰期以来为12.2×10^-5~15.0×10^-5 km³·a^-1, 小冰期以来分别为4.0×10^-5~5.3×10^-5 km³·a^-1, 11.75×10^-5~15.7×10^-5 km³·a^-1.     

On the unusual holocene carbonate sediment in lake Nam Co, central Tibet

In lacustrine sediments, aragonite is a widespread mineral, whereas monohydrocalcite is a rare carbonate mineral. In the cold and high-attitude Xizang （Tibetan） Plateau, where aragonite has been commonly found in lacustrine sediments, there is no aragonite, but low-Mg calcite, monohydrocalcite and trace dolomite. The lake receives solutes primarily from surface runoffs and remains fairly constant water chemistry for a long time. The total CaCO3 percentage in sediments could be controlled by evaporation and inflow of detrital materials. The absence of aragonite is unusual when compared to other lacustrine sediments from the Tibetan Plateau. This could be due to low Ca/Mg ratio, low salinity, low Mg and Ca concentration. Monohydrocalcite might precipitate from the lake water mediated by biological activities. Low-Mg calcite originated from minor ostracoda shell and the precipitation of lake water with biological activities.