In a micromechanics framework, the main issue is the relationship between the microscale variables and the macroscale variables. These variables are used to describe either the statics or kinematics of the system. The relationships can be classified in two ways, namely, the “averaging” relationships and the “tracking” relationships. The averaging relationships express the macroscale variable as an averaging of the microscale variables; for example, the stress as a function of contact forces. The “tracking” relationships express the microscale variable as a function of the macroscale variables; for example, the contact force at a given orientation as a function of the stress. Based on fundamental premises, a unique averaging relationship exists for either the statics or the kinematics case. However, it is generally impossible to have a unique expression of the “tracking” relationship because they are generally derived with certain assumptions. In this paper, we will present expressions of the “tracking” based on three different approaches, namely, (1) energy conservation principle, (2) representation theory, and (3) indirect scheme. The assumptions used in each approach are discussed. The results are compared among the three approaches as well as that obtained from the Discrete Element Method (DEM). 相似文献
Vertical seismic compressional- and shear-wave (P-and S-wave) profiles were collected from three shallow boreholes in sediment of the upper Mississippi embayment. The site of the 60-m hole at Shelby Forest, Tennessee, is on bluffs forming the eastern edge of the Mississippi alluvial plain. The bluffs are composed of Pleistocene loess, Pliocene-Pleistocene alluvial clay and sand deposits, and Tertiary deltaic-marine sediment. The 36-m hole at Marked Tree, Arkansas, and the 27-m hole at Risco, Missouri, are in Holocene Mississippi river floodplain sand, silt, and gravel deposits. At each site, impulsive P- and S-waves were generated by man-made sources at the surface while a three-component geophone was locked downhole at 0.91-m intervals.
Consistent with their very similar geology, the two floodplain locations have nearly identical S-wave velocity (VS) profiles. The lowest VS values are about 130 m s−1, and the highest values are about 300 m s−1 at these sites. The shear-wave velocity profile at Shelby Forest is very similar within the Pleistocene loess (12 m thick); in deeper, older material, VS exceeds 400 m s−1.
At Marked Tree, and at Risco, the compressional-wave velocity (VP) values above the water table are as low as about 230 m s−1, and rise to about 1.9 km s−1 below the water table. At Shelby Forest, VP values in the unsaturated loess are as low as 302 m s−1. VP values below the water table are about 1.8 km s−1. For the two floodplain sites, the VP/VS ratio increases rapidly across the water table depth. For the Shelby Forest site, the largest increase in the VP/VS ratio occurs at 20-m depth, the boundary between the Pliocene-Pleistocene clay and sand deposits and the Eocene shallow-marine clay and silt deposits.
Until recently, seismic velocity data for the embayment basin came from eartquake studies, crustal-scale seismic refraction and reflection profiles, sonic logs, and from analysis of dispersed earthquake surface waves. Since 1991, seismic data for shallow sediment obtained from reflection, refraction, crosshole and downhole techniques have been obtained for sites at the northern end of the embayment basin. The present borehole data, however, are measured from sites representative of large areas in the Mississippi embayment. Therefore, they fill a gap in information needed for modeling the response of the embayment to destructive seismic shaking. 相似文献
It has been observed that the field biodegradation rates for soluble hydrocarbon plumes are significantly smaller than the
aerobic rates observed in the laboratory. It is believed that this difference is related to the fact that in the field oxygen
and hydrocarbon must be mixed before the biodegradation reaction can occur, and that the effective degradation rate is controlled
by the actual, not mean, concentrations of oxygen and hydrocarbon. In this work, we present a conceptual model of oxygen-mixing
limited biodegradation, which indicates that the effective degradation rate should depend on the cross correlation between
the oxygen and hydrocarbon concentration fluctuations. This is followed by a development of a rigorous, field-scale model. 相似文献
For the problem of in-flight test site radiometric calibration for the FY-1D Meteorological Satellite onboard sensor's visible and near infrared channels,this paper described the calibration method,satellite-ground synchronous observation data acquired at China Dunhuang Calibration Test Site,parameter derivation and radiative transfer computation during the calibration,and the calibration result analysis.At FY-1D seven channels (with central wavelength at Channels 1:630 nm,2:865 nm;6:1610 nm;7:455 nm,8:505 nm;9:555 nm;10:932 nm),calibration coefficients obtained during the ground site calibration were compared with that respectively of prelaunch calibration.It is demonstrated that results of FY-1D onboard two sensors' (A and B) at channels 1,2,6 and 10 were close to pre-calibration,and the absolute difference of Gobi desert reflectance computed using test site and pre-launch calibration coefficients was no more than 2%. At other channels,large pre-launch calibration errors resulted in a poor consistency between the test site and pre-launch calibration.The errors can be corrected by the test site calibration results. Based on a rough estimation,the overall error of the calibration was about 6%. The paper also presented the in-flight vicarious calibration at the visible and near infrared channels of FY-1C sensor A which was launched in 1999 and has been put into operational mode since 2002.The results exhibit that FY-1C sensor's response has 23% attenuation at Channels 7 and 8,while only minor degradation at the other channels was found. During the mission,calibrations were also conducted at NOAA-17's Channels 1 and 2 (1:430-830 nm,2:500-1072 nm).A very good consistency has been achieved between the test site and pre-launched calibration results. 相似文献