Near‐saturated surface soil hydraulic properties under different land uses in the St Denis National Wildlife Area,Saskatchewan, Canada

Surface soil hydraulic properties are key factors controlling the partition of rainfall and snowmelt into runoff and soil water storage, and their knowledge is needed for sound land management. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of three land uses (native grass, brome grass and cultivated) on surface soil hydraulic properties under near‐saturated conditions at the St Denis National Wildlife Area, Saskatchewan, Canada. For each land use, water infiltration rates were measured using double‐ring and tension infiltrometers at ?0·3, ?0·7, ?1·5 and ?2·2 kPa pressure heads. Macroporosity and unsaturated hydraulic properties of the surface soil were estimated. Mean field‐saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_fs), unsaturated hydraulic conductivity at ?0·3 kPa pressure head, inverse capillary length scale (α) and water‐conducting macroporosity were compared for different land uses. These parameters of the native grass and brome grass sites were significantly (p < 0·1) higher than that of the cultivated sites. At the ?0·3 kPa pressure head, hydraulic conductivity of grasslands was two to three times greater than that of cultivated lands. Values of α were about two times and values of K_fs about four times greater in grasslands than in cultivated fields. Water‐conducting macroporosity of grasslands and cultivated fields were 0·04% and 0·01% of the total soil volume, respectively. Over 90% of the total water flux at ?0·06 kPa pressure head was transmitted through pores > 1·36 × 10^?4 m in diameter in the three land uses. Land use modified near‐saturated hydraulic properties of surface soil and consequently may alter the water balance of the area by changing the amount of surface runoff and soil water storage. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

强台风“菲特”(1323)极端降水研究进展

台风暴雨灾害是台风三类灾害(暴雨、大风、风暴潮)之首,而台风极端降水是暴雨灾害的直接原因,对台风极端降水的研究有利于增强对台风极端降水机理的认识和提高极端降水的预报水平。强台风“菲特”(1323)具有登陆强度历史罕见、降雨强度大、影响范围广、引发灾害重等特点,本文对“菲特”极端降水特征及其形成机理研究进行了回顾和总结。“菲特”的强降水过程主要分为两个阶段,造成了杭州湾一带和浙闽交界处两个强降水中心。“菲特”极端降水之所以产生,源于环境因子、地形和内部条件多尺度相互作用:环境因子涉及双台风作用、弱冷空气侵入、台风倒槽、垂直风切变和高空急流等,其中“丹娜丝”台风外围偏东气流源源不断的水汽输送是“菲特”极端降水形成的关键物理因子;山脉等地形增幅作用是浙江余姚等地出现历史性强降水的重要原因;水汽辐合和凝结与霰的融化和对流区雨滴的迁移是暴雨增幅重要的内部因素。     

基于倾斜摄影实景三维模型单体化分类与应用

目前,利用倾斜摄影测量进行城市三维建模技术已趋渐成熟,实景三维模型也越来越多的用于城市精细化管理中。本文阐述了三种不同类型城市三维模型建设方法,结合倾斜摄影实景三维模型,分析了多种模型单体化构建方法的优缺点,按照城市构成要素对单体化模型进行分类,并针对不同城市管理部门的三维模型应用需求,研究二维数据与三维模型数据融合组织方式,结合实际案例分析三维模型在城市管理、土地管控、规划审批等方面的应用。     

A Novel Remote Sensing Image Enhancement Method Using Unsharp Masking in NSST Domain

In order to deal with the pseudo-Gibbs phenomenon and noise interference in the image enhancement, a novel remote sensing image enhancement technique based on unsharp masking and non-subsampled shearlet transform (NSST) is proposed in this paper. The steps of the proposed model are described as follows: Firstly, the input image is decomposed into one low-frequency component and several high-frequency components by the NSST transform; Secondly, the weighted guided image filter is performed on the low-frequency component to improve the contrast of the image, and the hard thresholding is used to suppress the noise of the high-frequency components; Thirdly, the inverse non-subsampled shearlet transform is utilized to reconstruct the image; Finally, the unsharp masking model is performed on the reconstructed image, and the final enhanced image is obtained. Experimental results and comparison analysis demonstrate that the proposed framework outperforms others in terms of remote sensing image enhancement.     

Lacustrine fan delta deposition alongside intrabasinal structural highs in rift basins: an example from the Early Cretaceous Jiuquan Basin,Northwestern China

International Journal of Earth Sciences - Development of fan deltas alongside intrabasinal structural highs has been overlooked compared to those forming on basin margins. However, these fan deltas...     

Groundwater Potential Mapping Using GIS-Based Hybrid Artificial Intelligence Methods

Groundwater is one of the major valuable water resources for the use of communities, agriculture, and industries. In the present study, we have developed three novel hybrid artificial intelligence (AI) models which is a combination of modified RealAdaBoost (MRAB), bagging (BA), and rotation forest (RF) ensembles with functional tree (FT) base classifier for the groundwater potential mapping (GPM) in the basaltic terrain at DakLak province, Highland Centre, Vietnam. Based on the literature survey, these proposed hybrid AI models are new and have not been used in the GPM of an area. Geospatial techniques were used and geo-hydrological data of 130 groundwater wells and 12 topographical and geo-environmental factors were used in the model studies. One-R Attribute Evaluation feature selection method was used for the selection of relevant input parameters for the development of AI models. The performance of these models was evaluated using various statistical measures including area under the receiver operation curve (AUC). Results indicated that though all the hybrid models developed in this study enhanced the goodness-of-fit and prediction accuracy, but MRAB-FT (AUC = 0.742) model outperformed RF-FT (AUC = 0.736), BA-FT (AUC = 0.714), and single FT (AUC = 0.674) models. Therefore, the MRAB-FT model can be considered as a promising AI hybrid technique for the accurate GPM. Accurate mapping of the groundwater potential zones will help in adequately recharging the aquifer for optimum use of groundwater resources by maintaining the balance between consumption and exploitation.     

Soil respiratory and enzyme activities in leachate-contaminated soils with different application rate of cow manure compost: a laboratory study

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of cow manure compost (CMC) application on respiratory and enzyme activities of leachate-polluted soils. Soils treated with various levels of leachate (0, 12.5, 25, 37.5, and 50 ml leachate per 300 g soil) were amended with 0, 25 and 50 g CMC, respectively. Soil pH, respiration and enzyme activities were evaluated by regularly repeated sampling. Addition of CMC neutralized pH and maintained it within the range of 6.4–6.7 in a long run. Respiration was increased neither by leachate nor by CMC. This probably results from deterioration of soil compaction, biotoxicity of leachate, or increased fungi proportion. Enzyme activities increased with increasing CMC application but decoupled with leachate addition rate, reasonably attributed to pH neutralization and high content of humus in CMC. Thus, pH value and humus content could be considered as key items affecting soil enzyme activities.     

黑龙江张家湾岩体锆石U-Pb年龄与地球化学及其地质意义

通过对兴蒙造山带东段小兴安岭-张广才岭地区张家湾岩体石英闪长岩、正长花岗岩进行的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄分析测试、岩石地球化学的各项分析测试,综合分析研究表明,石英闪长岩形成于早侏罗世(176.2±1.8Ma),具浆混花岗岩特点,属壳幔混合成因;正长花岗岩形成于中侏罗世(166±2.2Ma),具"S"型花岗岩的地球化学属性,属壳源熔融成因。结合该区大地构造背景,认为张家湾岩体很可能是环太平洋增生地体的佳木斯板块与西侧的张广才岭地块碰撞造山作用形成。     

中国高端技术产品出口效率的空间集聚及影响因素

通过构建“多投入-多产出”出口效率测度模型,探讨了2001—2019年中国对49个主要贸易伙伴高端技术产品出口效率的时空分异特征及驱动因素。研究发现：① 中国高端技术产品出口效率整体呈增长趋势,国别间差距逐渐缩小。② 中国高端技术产品出口效率的空间格局明显存在空间集聚特征,高-高型国家集聚于“一带一路”沿线地区并向西蔓延,而低-低型国家分布范围逐年缩小。③ 双边贸易关系对中国高端技术产品出口效率的影响存在空间溢出效应,中国对贸易互竞国家高端技术产品的出口效率要比其对贸易互补国家的出口效率低0.017%,而对贸易互竞国家的邻近国高端技术产品出口效率要比其对贸易互补国家的邻近国出口效率高0.088%。④ 管制性制度差异对出口效率存在直接促进作用,而经济自由度差异对出口效率整体上有阻滞（负溢出）作用。     

焦作市太阳辐射资源分析评估

利用焦作市辖区7个县(市)1961-2010年的月日照百分率观测资料,以天文辐射为起始值,采用气候学计算方法获取辖区各站相应的太阳辐射资料.统计分析显示,全市近50 a的年均总辐射量在4625.026 ～5020.026MJ/m2,受所处太行山南麓的地形影响,区内太阳总辐射呈北低南高分布,与同纬度(30-40°N)内我国中东部地区太阳总辐射北高南低的分布特征相反.年内太阳辐射最少月出现在12月份(1月份次之),与天文辐射最少月相吻合;最多出现在5月份(6月份次之),较天文辐射最多的7月份提前2个月,这与该月日照时数≥6h天数的晴好天气比率最高相对应.按照太阳能资源评估国家标准(QX/T 89-2008)评估,辖区东南部属于资源很丰富区,北部和西部属于丰富区;辖区太阳能资源均属于稳定级别,但西北部山区稳定程度稍差.金市太阳辐射总量减少幅度明显大于全国平均减幅:20世纪60-70年代,全市平均年均辐射量超过5148.5 MJ/m2(达资源很丰富标准),但在20世纪80年代中前期太阳辐射量锐减,进入21世纪以来减少趋势不明显,市区有回升的态势.另外,年太阳辐射总量年变化曲线围绕着趋势线表现出较明显的波动,且振荡频率在加大.