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991.
Germán Aguilar Rodrigo Riquelme Joseph Martinod José Darrozes Eric Maire 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2011,36(13):1736-1748
We quantify erosion rates in the higher sectors of the Huasco Valley, in the Main Cordillera of the semi‐arid Andes of Chile, using elevation differences between three successive geomorphic markers (pediments and paleo‐valleys) and the present day valley. Available Ar‐Ar ages of Neogene pediments are used to estimate mean erosion rates for the three periods (16 to 13 My, 13 to 8 My, and following 8 My). The landscape of the Huasco Valley is in a transient state, as indicated by well‐preserved pediment surfaces in interfluves, valleys deeply incised by fluvial and glacial erosion and scarped head‐valleys that represent the current knickzones. Higher erosion rates (45–75 m/My) are calculated for the more recent period (< 8 My) during which deep incision developed compared to previous periods (6–31 m/My). Quantitative data indicate that glaciers had a much higher erosional capability than fluvial activity in the higher sectors of the Main Cordillera. Comparison with erosion rates calculated in other drainage basins of the Chilean Andes suggests that the variability of erosion rates depends on the landscape's transient erosive state. The landscape's geomorphologic response to the uplift of the Main Cordillera results in the retreat of a knickzone, for which retreat velocity depends on precipitation rate pattern and glacial erosion intensity. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
992.
Mariano Moreno‐de las Heras Rubén Díaz‐Sierra José M. Nicolau Miguel A. Zavala 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2011,36(10):1367-1377
The management of reclaimed slopes derived from industrial and civil activities (e.g. surface mining and road construction) requires the development of practical stability analysis approaches that integrate the processes and mechanisms that rule the dynamics of these ubiquitous emerging ecosystems. This work describes a new modelling approach focused on stability analysis of water‐limited reclaimed slopes, where interactive relationships between rill erosion and vegetation regulate ecosystem stability. Our framework reproduces two main groups of possible trends along the temporal evolution of reclaimed slopes: successful trends, characterized by widespread vegetation development and the effective control of rill erosion processes; and gullying trends, characterized by the progressive loss of vegetation and a sharp logistic increase in erosion rates. Furthermore, this analytical approach allows the determination of threshold values for the state variables (i.e. vegetation cover and rill erosion) that drive the system's stability, facilitating the identification of critical situations that require specific human intervention (e.g. revegetation or, in very problematic cases, revegetation combined with rill network destruction) to ensure the long‐term sustainability of the restored ecosystem. The application of our threshold analysis framework in Mediterranean‐dry reclaimed slopes derived from surface coal mining (the Teruel coalfield in central‐eastern Spain) showed a good field‐based performance. Therefore, we believe that this model is a valuable contribution for the management of water‐limited reclaimed systems, including those associated with rill erosion, as it provides a tool for the evaluation of restoration success and can play an important role in decision‐making during ecosystem restoration in severely disturbed landscapes. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
993.
Impact of subsurface rock fragments on runoff and interrill soil loss from cultivated soils 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Field and laboratory studies have indicated that rock fragments in the topsoil may have a large impact on soil properties, soil quality, hydraulic, hydrological and erosion processes. In most studies, the rock fragments investigated still remain visible at the soil surface and only properties of these visible rock fragments are used for predicting runoff and soil loss. However, there are indications that rock fragments completely incorporated in the topsoil could also significantly influence the percolation and water distribution in stony soils and therefore, also infiltration, runoff and soil loss rates. Therefore, in this study interrill laboratory experiments with simulated rainfall for 60 min were conducted to assess the influence of subsurface rock fragments incorporated in a disturbed silt loam soil at different depths below the soil surface (i.e. 0.001, 0.01, 0.05 and 0.10 m), on infiltration, surface runoff and interrill erosion processes for small and large rock fragment sizes (i.e. mean diameter 0.04 and 0.20 m, respectively). Although only small differences in infiltration rate and runoff volume are observed between the soil without rock fragments (control) and the one with subsurface rock fragments, considerable differences in total interrill soil loss are observed between the control treatment and both contrasting rock fragments sizes. This is explained by a rapid increase in soil moisture in the areas above the rock fragments and therefore a decrease in topsoil cohesion compared with the control soil profile. The observed differences in runoff volume and interrill soil loss between the control plots and those with subsurface rock fragments is largest after a cumulative rainfall (Pcum) of 11 mm and progressively decreases with increasing Pcum. The results highlight the impacts and complexity of subsurface rock fragments on the production of runoff volume and soil loss and requires their inclusion in process‐based runoff and erosion models. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
994.
995.
Diana Prado Garzón Christiano G.M. Brum Ezequiel Echer Néstor Aponte Michael P. Sulzer Sixto A. González Robert B. Kerr Lara Waldrop 《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2011,73(11-12):1568-1574
We analyze the data obtained using the Arecibo incoherent scatter radar to examine the response of the topside ionosphere to a moderate geomagnetic storm that occurred during the period March 7–11, 2008. During this time period a magnetic storm with a non-monotonic main phase decrease in the Dst index occurred. The recovery phase also exhibited a secondary Dst decrease. During the initial phase of the storm, Te and Ti increased coincident with the arrival of the solar wind. The main phase registered an increase in proton concentration proportional to Ne while temperatures reached the lowest values. Variations in O+ concentration were not significant but a reduction in helium fraction was observed. Soon after the peak of the storm, the transition height between the topside ionosphere and the protonosphere, where H+ ions dominate composition, was lower than would be expected during quiet conditions and this behavior lasted for approximately 12 h. 相似文献
996.
Adapting a texture synthesis algorithm for conditional multiple point geostatistical simulation 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
��lvaro Parra Juli��n M. Ortiz 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2011,25(8):1101-1111
Computer vision provides several tools for analyzing and simulating textures. The principles of these techniques are similar
to those in multiple-point geostatistics, namely, the reproduction of patterns and consistency in the results from a perceptual
point of view, thus, ensuring the reproduction of long range connectivity. The only difference between these techniques and
geostatistical simulation accounting for multiple-point statistics is that conditioning is not an issue in computer vision.
We present a solution to the problem of conditioning simulated fields while simultaneously honoring multiple-point (pattern)
statistics. The proposal is based on a texture synthesis algorithm where a fixed search (causal) pattern is used. Conditioning
is achieved by adding a non-causal search neighborhood that modifies the conditional distribution from which the simulated
category is drawn, depending on the conditioning information. Results show an excellent reproduction of the features from
the training image, while respecting the conditioning information. Some issues related to the data structure and to the computer
efficiency are discussed. 相似文献
997.
The 23 April 1909 earthquake, with epicentre near Benavente (Portugal), was the largest crustal earthquake in the Iberian
Peninsula during the twentieth century (M
w = 6.0). Due to its importance, several studies were developed soon after its occurrence, in Portugal and in Spain. A perusal
of the different studies on the macroseismic field of this earthquake showed some discrepancies, in particular on the abnormal
patterns of the isoseismal curves in Spain. Besides, a complete list of intensity data points for the event is unavailable
at present. Seismic moment, focal mechanism and other earthquake parameters obtained from the instrumental records have been
recently reviewed and recalculated. Revision of the macroseismic field of this earthquake poses a unique opportunity to study
macroseismic propagation and local effects in central Iberian Peninsula. For this reasons, a search to collect new macroseismic
data for this earthquake has been carried out, and a re-evaluation of the whole set has been performed and it is presented
here. Special attention is paid to the observed low attenuation of the macroseismic effects, heterogeneous propagation and
the distortion introduced by local amplifications. Results of this study indicate, in general, an overestimation of the intensity
degrees previously assigned to this earthquake in Spain; also it illustrates how difficult it is to assign an intensity degree
to a large town, where local effects play an important role, and confirms the low attenuation of seismic propagation inside
the Iberian Peninsula from west and southwest to east and northeast. 相似文献
998.
999.
Encarnación Ruiz-Agudo Christine V. Putnis Andrew Putnis 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2011,75(13):3803-3814
The mechanisms by which background electrolytes modify the kinetics of non-equivalent step propagation during calcite growth were investigated using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), at constant driving force and solution stoichiometry. Our results suggest that the acute step spreading rate is controlled by kink-site nucleation and, ultimately, by the dehydration of surface sites, while the velocity of obtuse step advancement is mainly determined by hydration of calcium ions in solution. According to our results, kink nucleation at acute steps could be promoted by carbonate-assisted calcium attachment. The different sensitivity of obtuse and acute step propagation kinetics to cation and surface hydration could be the origin of the reversed geometries of calcite growth hillocks (i.e., rate of obtuse step spreading < rate of acute step spreading) observed in concentrated (ionic strength, IS = 0.1) KCl and CsCl solutions. At low IS (0.02), ion-specific effects seem to be mainly associated with changes in the solvation environment of calcium ions in solution. With increasing electrolyte concentration, the stabilization of surface water by weakly paired salts appears to become increasingly important in determining step spreading rate. At high ionic strength (IS = 0.1), overall calcite growth rates increased with increasing hydration of calcium in solution (i.e., decreasing ion pairing of background electrolytes for sodium-bearing salts) and with decreasing hydration of the carbonate surface site (i.e., increasing ion pairing for chloride-bearing salts). Changes in growth hillock morphology were observed in the presence of Li+, F− and , and can be interpreted as the result of the stabilization of polar surfaces due to increased ion hydration. These results increase our ability to predict crystal reactivity in natural fluids which contain significant amounts of solutes. 相似文献
1000.
Simon J. Haward Mark M. Smits Kristín Vala Ragnarsdóttir Jonathan R. Leake Terence J. McMaster 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2011,75(22):6870-6881
We have used a direct imaging technique, in situ atomic force microscopy (AFM), to observe the dissolution of the basal biotite surface by oxalic acid over a range of temperatures close to ambient conditions, using a specially designed AFM liquid cell and non-invasive intermittent contact mode of operation. From the 3-dimensional nanometre-resolution data sets, we observe a process characterised by the slow formation of shallow etch pits in the (0 0 1) surface and fast growth of etch pits from the resulting steps, which represent proxies for the {h k 0} surface. Measurements of dissolution rates as a function of temperature allow a determination of an apparent activation energy (Ea,app) for the process, via mass-loss calculations from image analysis. We obtain a value of Ea,app = 49 ± 2 kJ mol−1, which is consistent with separate calculations based on planar area etch pit growth, and measurements of etch pit perimeters, indicating that this value of Ea,app is representative of {h k 0} surface dissolution. The measurement of etch pit perimeters also enables an estimation of apparent activation energy as a function of step density indicating substantially higher apparent activation energy, up to Ea,app = 140 kJ mol−1, on extrapolation towards a pristine surface with no defects. We suggest that this higher value of Ea,app represents the slow formation of etch pits into the (0 0 1) surface. 相似文献