青海湖高寒湿地生态系统生长季CH4通量

利用涡度相关法研究青海湖高寒湿地生态系统2015-2016年生长季CH₄通量。结果显示：生长季CH₄通量表现为白天排放、夜间微弱吸收或排放的日变化特征,其中2015年CH₄通量日平均值为56.67 mg·m^-2,2016年CH₄通量日平均值为35.92 mg·m^-2。7月和8月排放量最大,生长季前期和后期排放较弱,2015年最大排放量出现在7月,为3.76 g·m^-2,2016最大排放量出现在8月,为1.67 g·m^-2。温度、电导率、土壤体积含水量与CH₄通量显著相关,气温和CH₄通量线性正相关。生态系统总初级生产力和呼吸及水热通量与CH₄通量也存在显著的相关关系,其中生态系统总初级生产力和呼吸是影响甲烷动态变化的主要因子。     

Quantifying the vertical distribution pattern of land-use conversion in the loess hilly region of northern Shaanxi Province 1995–2015

Journal of Geographical Sciences - The mountainous and hilly region plays an important role in ecological safety and production in China. However, recent studies have poorly characterized the...     

Albedo enhancement of marine clouds to counteract global warming: impacts on the hydrological cycle

Recent studies have shown that changes in solar radiation affect the hydrological cycle more strongly than equivalent CO₂ changes for the same change in global mean surface temperature. Thus, solar radiation management ??geoengineering?? proposals to completely offset global mean temperature increases by reducing the amount of absorbed sunlight might be expected to slow the global water cycle and reduce runoff over land. However, proposed countering of global warming by increasing the albedo of marine clouds would reduce surface solar radiation only over the oceans. Here, for an idealized scenario, we analyze the response of temperature and the hydrological cycle to increased reflection by clouds over the ocean using an atmospheric general circulation model coupled to a mixed layer ocean model. When cloud droplets are reduced in size over all oceans uniformly to offset the temperature increase from a doubling of atmospheric CO₂, the global-mean precipitation and evaporation decreases by about 1.3% but runoff over land increases by 7.5% primarily due to increases over tropical land. In the model, more reflective marine clouds cool the atmospheric column over ocean. The result is a sinking motion over oceans and upward motion over land. We attribute the increased runoff over land to this increased upward motion over land when marine clouds are made more reflective. Our results suggest that, in contrast to other proposals to increase planetary albedo, offsetting mean global warming by reducing marine cloud droplet size does not necessarily lead to a drying, on average, of the continents. However, we note that the changes in precipitation, evaporation and P-E are dominated by small but significant areas, and given the highly idealized nature of this study, a more thorough and broader assessment would be required for proposals of altering marine cloud properties on a large scale.     

An Actively Controlled Wind Tunnel And Its Application To The Reproduction Of The Atmospheric Boundary Layer

An actively controlled wind tunnel equipped with multiple fansand airfoils has been developed, mainly for the purpose of reproducing the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) for wind engineering applications. Various fluctuating flows can be achieved in this wind tunnel by altering the input data of the fans and airfoils through computer control. In this study, the ABL is physically simulated in this wind tunnel, and particular attention ispaid to the simulation of the profile of Reynolds stress. The method of generating the fluctuating flow and the experimental results of reproducing the ABL are presented. As the results show, the spatial distribution of Reynolds stress is satisfactorily simulated, and the profiles of other statisticalturbulent parameters, such as mean velocity, turbulent intensity, integral scale and power spectrum are successfully reproduced simultaneously.     

北京高空温度的统计特征

对１９６１～１９９４年自地面至高空２０ｈＰａ的温度资料进行了统计分析,以了解北京高空气温的季节变化、垂直分布和长期变化趋势。研究发现：以１５０ｈＰａ层为界,其上部和下部的温度变化有着不同的气候特征,如在该层以下各层上的温度年较差为正值,而其上则为负值;近３０余年来,对流层下层温度显著增加,对流层上层和平流层的温度在降低,对流层温度直减率加大     

用一种插值方法作短期气候预测的试验

将ｓｈｅｐａｒｄ插值方法运用到短期气候预测中,建立一类非模式预报方法,按照相似原因将产生相似结果的原理来作预报,对云南降水进行了预报试验。结果表明,这种方法与多元回归相比具有良好的预报能力,值得进一步探讨和应用。     

河北省城市生态气候宜居性评估

基于层次分析法和古林法,对2015—2017年河北省11个地市的生态气候宜居性从空气质量、生态环境、人居环境气候舒适度、灾害性天气4个方面进行了评估并予以排名。结果表明:2015—2017年河北省空气质量方面,张家口、承德、秦皇岛位居前三名,邢台、衡水、保定位居后三名;生态环境方面,承德、秦皇岛、石家庄位居前三名,邢台、唐山、廊坊位居后三名;人居环境气候舒适度方面,邢台、石家庄、邯郸位居前三名,秦皇岛、承德、张家口位居后三名;灾害性天气方面,廊坊、秦皇岛、张家口总体较少,位居前三名,保定、邢台、沧州总体较多,位居后三名。2015—2017年河北省城市生态气候宜居性综合指数前三名均为旅游城市,位于北部和东北部地区,分别为承德、秦皇岛、张家口,城市生态气候宜居性中等接近良好状况;后三名位于中部地区,分别是沧州、衡水、保定,城市生态气候宜居性略好于较差状况。城市生态气候宜居性综合指数在一定程度上可以反映各城市的生态气候宜居程度,通过评估结果排名和分项指标比较,可以衡量各城市在生态环境因素和气候环境因素等方面的优劣,从而为政府管理部门提供一定的决策依据。     

中国城市人口户籍迁移的估算及时空特征——新型城镇化的落户政策导向

基于户籍人口自然与机械增长的分解,估算2011-2017年全国地级及以上城市的户籍迁移人口,对比分析户籍迁移和人口流动的时空特征,评估国家新型城镇化战略中按规模等级引导城市落户政策的影响.结果表明,近年来,中国户籍迁移日趋活跃,人口迁移与流动的空间格局高度耦合;迁入热点区主要集中在沿海三大城市群,迁出地较为分散,以长江...     

上海区域要素客观预报方法效果检验

数值模式的客观释用是数值模式在业务工作中发挥效能的重要环节。在对上海区域数值模式近5年的模式直接输出(DMO)进行检验的基础上,分别采用卡尔曼滤波释用(KLM)和最优化集成释用(OCF)的方法进行要素客观释用,总结出区域数值模式的预报性能,客观释用也取得令人鼓舞的结果:(1)近几年,上海区域数值模式的直接输出结果(DMO)对温度、湿度以及风向的预报改善不明显,甚至还有变差现象,风速的预报自2005年起有改善,但主要体现在预报的稳定性方面。(2)KLM方法较DMO在温度、相对湿度和风速的预报上均有明显提高,但是风向的预报无明显提高,预报准确率甚至略有下降。(3)OCF方法的预报性能较KLM方法略有提高。温度、相对湿度以及风向的预报准确率提高约2%,风速预报与KLM方法相当。在春季和冬季,OCF的预报水平已经与主观综合预报相当,如果主观综合预报能充分参考OCF的预报结果,主观综合预报"春季和冬季预报误差相对偏大"这一弱点能得到改善。检验结果能为数值模式的开发和调试者提供有益的参考,而最优化集成方法的成功业务尝试也佐证了集成预报在数值模式客观释用中的美好前景。     

呼和浩特市白塔机场气象观测要素分析

利用呼和浩特市白塔机场气象站1977--2010年月平均最高、最低气温,月降水量资料和1979--2010年月平均风速资料,分析了近34a气象要素变化特征。得出：呼和浩特白塔机场近34a来,（1）年平均气温、年降水量都没有明显的变化趋势,进入21世纪以来气候变率明显变大,气候不稳定性增加;（2）气温的年日较差明显增大,气候倾向率为0．4℃／10a;（3）年平均相对湿度在三个时段存在不同的变化特征;（4）年平均风速呈现出明显的减小趋势,平均每10a减小了0．3m·s^-1（5）四个要素中,气温年日较差由小变大的突变特征最为明显,1990年前后出现突变点;平均风速则存在由大转小的突变过程,突变时间点在1996年;年平均气温南低向高的突变过程较弱,且持续时间较短;年降水量和年平均相对湿度在近34a罩均不存在气候突变现象,气候状态相对稳定。呼和浩特机场气候与市区气候存在明显的差异．还需进一步深入分析。