塔里木盆地震旦纪地层—构造特征

通过塔里木盆地盆缘露头区震旦系和盆内钻井岩心震旦系的对比,辅以全盆地42条地震大剖面以及多块三维地震资料和盆内各构造区块的二维地震资料解释成果,探讨了盆内震旦系岩性特征、分布范围以及构造样式,同时结合大地构造背景恢复震旦纪早期原型盆地及构造格局.塔里木盆地震旦系主要分布在盆地北部,向中央隆起带尖灭;盆地西南缘构造活动强...     

Fifty years of Quaternary palynology in the Tibetan Plateau

Science China Earth Sciences - Quaternary palynology in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) was initiated in the 1960s to meet the needs of economic development in western China. Pollen analysis was conducted...     

Holocene variations in the Asian monsoon inferred from the geochemistry of lake sediments in central Tibet

We present a record of monsoon variations for the early and middle Holocene that is inferred from the geochemistry of sediment cores from Ahung Co, a lake in central Tibet. The resolution of this record is better than 50 yr and the age model is derived from radiocarbon ages of terrestrial charcoal, which eliminates errors associated with the lake hard-water effect. We made down-core geochemical measurements of % carbonate, % organic carbon, C/N and δ¹³C of bulk organic matter, δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O of carbonate, and % dolomite. Proxy calibration and modern water-balance reconstruction show that these are proxies for lake depth and the amount of monsoon precipitation. We find that lake level and monsoon precipitation have been decreasing at Ahung Co since the early Holocene (∼7500 cal yr B.P.). Superimposed on this trend are rapid declines in monsoon rainfall at 7000-7500 and 4700 cal yr B.P. and seven century-scale wet-dry oscillations. The cores do not contain sediment from the last ∼4000 yr. Surface sediments from the lake accumulated during the 20th century, however. From this, we argue that lake levels have risen again recently following a late Holocene dry period.     

云南阳宗海流域过去13000年植被演替与森林火灾

以云南阳宗海1020 cm长的湖泊沉积物岩芯为研究对象,由7个木屑和树叶残体样的AMS14C测年建立岩芯年代框架,以18~19 cm间隔获取52个样品作花粉/炭屑分析,重建了阳宗海流域过去13000年的植被、气候以及森林火灾历史。研究结果表明,过去13000年植被演替、气候变化和森林火灾可分为5个阶段:1)13200~11000 cal.a B.P.,植被以常绿、落叶阔叶混交林为主,气候温凉湿润,森林火灾多发,后期(12300~11000 cal.a B.P.)随着温度和湿度的降低,森林火灾发生愈加频繁;2)11000~8000 cal.a B.P.,松林扩张,阔叶林缩小,气候较上阶段温暖偏干,森林火灾发生次数明显降低;3)8000~5000 cal.a B.P.,松林和常绿阔叶林占优势,且出现暖热性的枫香林,流域内气温升至13000 cal.a B.P.以来的最高值,湿度进一步降低,但森林火灾发生频率低;4)5000~800 cal.a B.P.,松林扩张至最盛,常绿阔叶林收缩,落叶阔叶林成分增加,气温和湿度均明显下降,森林火灾发生频率有所增加;5)800 cal.a B.P.至今,松林和常绿阔叶林收缩,落叶阔叶成分增加,草本植物中禾本科迅速上升,可能与人类活动有关,森林火灾发生频率低。阳宗海花粉/炭屑记录重建的植被、气候和森林火灾史表明,在滇中地区,落叶阔叶成分易引起森林火灾,冷气候导致多发的森林火灾,冷干气候是宜森林火灾发生的气候条件。     

Temperature and Precipitation Changes in China During the Holocene

We review here proxy records of temperatare and precipitation in China during the Holocene,especially the last two millennia.The quality of proxy data,methodology of reconstruction,and uncertainties in reconstruction were emphasized in comparing different temperatare and precipitation reconstruction and clarilying temporal and spatial patterns of temperature and precipitation during the Holocene.The Holocene climate was generally warm and wet.The warmest period occurred in 9.6-6.2 cal ka BP,whereas a period of maximum monsoon precipitation started at about 11.0 cal ka BP and lasted until about 8.O-5.0 cal ka BP.There were a series of millennial-scale cold or dry events superimposed on the general trend of climate changes.During past two millennia,a warming trend in the 20th century was clearly detected,but the warming magnitude was smaller than the maximum level of the Medieval Warm Period and the Middle Holocene.Cold conditions occurred over the whole of China during the Little Ice Age (AD 1400-AD 1900),but the warming of the Medieval Warm Period(AD 900-AD 1300)was not distinct in China,especially west China.The spatial pattern of precipitation showed significant regional differences in China,especially east China.The modern warm period has lasted 20、years from 1987 to 2006.Bi-decadal oscillation in precipitation variability was apparent over China during the 20th century. Solar activity and volcanic eruptions both were major forcings governing the climate variability during the last millennium.     

Characteristics of anomalous precipitation events over eastern China during the past five centuries

Characteristics of anomalous precipitation events during the past five centuries in North China (NC) and the middle-lower Yangtze River Valley (MLYRV) were investigated using the data network of dryness/wetness index (DWI) over eastern China. The high occurrence frequency of anomalous precipitation events mainly occurred at periods of high solar forcing, active volcanic eruption, and large anthropogenic forcing (the twentieth century). Coherence and dipole were the two dominant modes in spatial patterns of anomalous precipitation events. Coherent floods dominated the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, whereas coherent droughts occurred frequently in the seventeenth and twentieth centuries. The dipole patterns of anomalous precipitation events were the most frequent in the twentieth century. NC experienced more floods in the cold periods than warm periods. Both NC and the MLYRV experienced far fewer droughts and more floods in the warm eighteenth century when natural climate forcing dominated, and more droughts in the twentieth century when anthropogenic forcing dominated. Coherent drought was the only spatial pattern of precipitation significantly associated with explosive low-latitude volcanic eruptions. The increased coherent droughts and dipole patterns in the twentieth century support the findings of previous modeling studies that the tropospheric aerosols and human-induced land cover changes play important roles in the changes of summer rainfall over eastern China. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. This paper is a contribution to the AMIP-CMIP Diagnostic Sub-project on General Circulation Model Simulation of the East Asian Climate, coordinated by W.-C. Wang.     

热带气旋灾害预评估模型研究回顾

热带气旋所引发的暴雨、大风、风暴潮以及由此造成的衍生灾害对人身安全、基础设施、财产、农业生产活动均可造成严重影响。因此,做好灾前预评估对于提出防御对策、指导启动相应防灾预案及科学合理开展防灾工作等至关重要。在明确“预评估”定义后,将以往国内外研究中与热带气旋灾害预评估相关的模型分为统计模型、动力模型和动力统计模型三类进行回顾总结,并对其中一些典型例子进行详细介绍。最后,针对模型研究及业务开展现状和存在的问题,给出一定建议、意见和展望。深入了解各种热带气旋灾害预评估模型的建立思想,对今后逐步提升风险评估与防控技术的精细化、客观化、定量化水平具有重要指示意义。     

青藏高原上新世以来植被与气候研究进展

由于青藏高原的特殊大气环流形势，夏半年受印度洋热带海洋季风──西南季风控制，向高原内部、尤其西北部，水份逐渐减弱；冬半年高原面受干冷西风环流影响，致使气候寒冷干燥。从而使高原植被由东南向西北发生递交。上新世早、中期在冈底斯山和念青唐古拉山以南地区发育常绿硬叶林，而北部则生长山地常绿针叶林，到更新世早期藏南以亚热带针阀混交林为主，北部出现灌丛和草原植被。自更新世晚期以来，青藏高原除东南部及喜马拉雅山以南的一部分地区保留部分亚热带针阔混交林外，大部分地区为高山草甸、灌丛草原或荒漠草原。      

2017年江西副热带高压边缘雷暴大风回波特征

利用MICAPS天气资料、WebGIS雷达拼图、自动站、强天气监测和雷电监测等数据,对2017年8月江西副热带高压边缘产生的4次雷暴大风天气过程,采用数据统计、形态特征对比等方法进行分析,结果表明:江西北部回波和南部回波发生辐合运动时,南面回波会发展的更为旺盛,形成飑线回波带。回波的传播方式一方面加快了回波移动速度,另一方面改变了回波的移动方向。副热带高压边缘雷达回波特征主要有两种:一是南北向短带回波,有时会发展为弓状回波;二是强回波单体,超级单体和复合单体回波。带状回波上,雷暴大风分布在回波带前沿,尤其是弓状回波带的头部,雷电分布则在回波带移动方向的后侧;强单体、超级单体和复合单体回波上,雷暴大风和雷电集中在强回波中心附近区域。超级单体回波具有55～60 dBZ块状回波结构,垂直液态水含量VIL达到60 kg·m~(-2);相对风暴速度SRM图上和垂直径向速度RHI_V图上,都具有相邻的正负速度对和达到中等以上中气旋标准。     

SIR 3000地质雷达的应用研究

以SIR-3000单通道地质雷达的400MHz,900MHz天线为研究手段,说明地质雷达在探测同一目的区的应用效果。