贡嘎山东坡亚高山不同林地土壤水分特性与生态环境效应

森林土壤水分特性，包括水分的渗透与蒸发、保持与贮存等对森林生态环境都有重要意义。本文研究了长江上游贡嘎山亚高山不同森林类型土壤的水分特征及其生态环境作用，结果表明：成熟林、过熟林土壤在储水、渗透、容水、蒸发和持水特性等多数方面利于保持和改善生态环境，次生或林分单一森林类型次之，林木皆伐后最差。研究区以成熟林和过熟林为主，生态环境保护较好。尽管该区与长江上游其它地区一样同具自然地理条件差、生态环境脆弱的特征，但由于该区森林植被和环境得到了有效保护，土壤水分特性好，促进了森林生态系统的良性循环，生态环境问题得到进一步改善。     

岩体结构统计均质区的划分

本文介绍由Ｍｉｌｌｅｒ提出的基本概率统计理论的关联表分析，结合施密特投影图研究岩体统计均质区的划分方法。对该法进行了适当的修改，编写了相应的计算机程序。并对三峡永久船闸地区的岩体结构，进行了岩体结构统计均质区的划分，获得了良好的效果。     

Vertical structures of PM10 and PM 2.5 and their dynamical character in low atmosphere in Beijing urban areas

The vertical structures and their dynamical character of PM2.5 and PM10 over Beijing urban areas are revealed using the 1 min mean continuous mass concentration data of PM2.5 and PM10 at 8, 100, and 320 m heights of the meteorological observation tower of 325 m at Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IAP CAS tower hereafter) on 10―26 August, 2003, as well as the daily mean mass concentration data of PM2.5 and PM10 and the continuous data of CO and NO2 at 8, 100 (low layer), 200 (middle layer), and 320 m (high layer) heights, in combination with the same period meteorological field observation data of the meteorological tower. The vertical distributions of aerosols observed on IAP CAS tower in Beijing can be roughly divided into two patterns: gradually and rapidly decreasing patterns, I.e. The vertical distribution of aerosols in calm weather or on pollution day belongs to the gradually decreasing pattern, while one on clean day or weak cold air day belongs to the rapidly decreasing pattern. The vertical distributive characters of aerosols were closely related with the dynamical/thermal structure and turbulence character of the atmosphere boundary layer. On the clean day, the low layer PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were close to those at 8 m height, while the concentrations rapidly decreased at the high layer, and their values were only one half of those at 8 m, especially, the concentration of PM2.5 dropped even more. On the clean day, there existed stronger turbulence below 150 m, aerosols were well mixed, but blocked by the more stronger inversion layer aloft, and meanwhile, at various heights, especially in the high layer, the horizontal wind speed was larger, resulting in the rapid decrease of aerosol concentration, I.e. Resulting in the obvious vertical difference of aerosol concentrations between the low and high layers. On the pollution day, the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 at the low, middle, and high layers dropped successively by, on average, about 10% for each layer in comparison with those at 8 m height. On pollution days, in company with the low wind speed, there existed two shallow inversion layers in the boundary layer, but aerosols might be, to some extent, mixed below the inversion layer, therefore, on the pollution day the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 dropped with height slowly; and the observational results also show that the concentrations at 320 m height were obviously high under SW and SE winds, but at other heights, the concentrations were not correlated with wind directions. The computational results of footprint analysis suggest that this was due to the fact that the 320 m height was impacted by the pollutants transfer of southerly flow from the southern peripheral heavier polluted areas, such as Baoding, and Shijiazhuang of Hebei Province, Tianjin, and Shandong Province, etc., while the low layer was only affected by Beijing's local pollution source. The computational results of power spectra and periods preliminarily reveal that under the condition of calm weather, the periods of PM10 concentration at various heights of the tower were on the order of minutes, while in cases of larger wind speed, the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 at 320 m height not only had the short periods of minute-order, but also the longer periods of hour order. Consistent with the conclusion previously drawn by Ding et al., that air pollutants at different heights and at different sites in Beijing had the character of "in-phase" variation, was also observed for the diurnal variation and mean diurnal variation of PM2.5 and PM10 at various heights of the tower in this experiment, again confirming the "in-phase" temporal/spatial distributive character of air pollutants in the urban canopy of Beijing. The gentle double-peak character of the mean diurnal variation of PM2.5 and PM10 was closely related with the evident/similar diurnal variation of turbulent momentum fluxes, sensible heat fluxes, and turbulent kinetic energy at various heights in the urban canopy. Besides, under the condition of calm weather, the concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 declined with height slowly, it was 90% of 8 m concentration at the low layer, a little lesser than 90% at the middle layer, and 80% at the high layer, respectively. Under the condition of weak cold air weather, the concentration remarkably dropped with height, it was 70% of 8 m concentration at the low layer, and 20%―30% at the middle and high layers, especially the concentration of PM2.5 was even lower.     

登陆台风降水的大尺度环流诊断分析

强度相似的登陆台风造成的强降水可能差异很大.为研究大尺度环流对登陆台风降水的影响,利用热带气旋年鉴和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,运用动态合成分析方法,对比分析了登陆后48小时内降水特征迥异而强度、路径相似的两组登陆台风的大尺度环流特征.合成分析结果表明,西南气流的水汽输送对台风降水至关重要,造成大范围强降水的台风往往在登陆后仍与深厚西南急流相连并持续很长时间.高空强辐散场是登陆台风造成大范围强降水的一个基本动力特征.造成强降水的登陆台风其环境场的上升气流不仅强,其气旋性环流的伸展高度高且能长时间维持.登陆台风造成降水的范围和强度与登陆前台风下游大陆环境大气的稳定度有关.下游高温高湿的大气有利于能量尤其是潜热能的大量补充,对强降水增强和维持都十分有利.因此,大尺度环流对登陆台风降水有明显影响.其中,与台风相连的西南急流强度和深厚程度是最重要的因子,高低空辐散辐合强度、台风及环境风场结构以及台风下游大陆上空大气湿热状态等都是需要加以考虑的.     

地形对于气流运动影响的数值研究

建立了二维、非静力平衡的数值模式，研究地形对上游气流的阻挡以及大振幅背风波谷与下坡风的形成。结果表明：地形的阻挡效应受地形高度、大气层结及地形非对称性等因子的影响。数值试验与理论分析都证明地形越高、层结越稳定时阻挡作用越强；同样条件下，迎风坡坡度大的地形容易对气流形成阻挡。此外，分析了地形高度、大气层结、地形非对称性以及基本入流大小对背风波谷及下坡风强度影响的规律，并通过一次实际观测对数值模拟结果进行了检验。     

滇东南薄竹山花岗岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年及地质意义

通过对滇东南薄竹山花岗复式岩体3个代表性花岗岩样品的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素年龄测试,获得了该岩体的形成时代。其中,雷达站单元样品的²⁰⁶Pb-²³⁸U加权平均年龄为（86.51±0.52） Ma(MSWD值为2.4);所作底单元样品的²⁰⁶Pb-²³⁸U 加权平均年龄为（87.54±0.65）  Ma(MSWD值为1.6);洋芋树单元样品的²⁰⁶Pb-²³⁸U 加权平均年龄为（87.83±0.39）  Ma (MSWD值为0.15)。这些分布比较集中的年龄数据为薄竹山花岗岩体提供了一个准确的形成时限。这些年龄数据表明,薄竹山花岗岩体同区域内的其它岩浆岩和与之相关的个旧、大厂、都龙超大型锡多金属矿床等都是晚白垩世的产物,均为华南西部地区岩浆-成矿带的重要组成部分,也是华南西部晚白垩世大规模成岩成矿作用在滇东南地区的又一具体表现。     

西太平洋副热带高压对华北地区降水蒸发差的影响

采用小波相关和交叉小波变换等方法, 分析了西太平洋副热带高压脊线和北界位置变化对华北地区降水蒸发差的影响。结果表明, 2000年以来华北区南部的水资源短缺问题有所缓解, 但以北京为中心的华北区东北部仍处于持续缺水期; 华北地区降水蒸发差与副热带高压脊线及北界位置变化相关密切, 存在年际和年代际尺度的显著相关振荡, 与副热带高压脊线的年代际尺度相关凝聚性最强; 时域中年际尺度相关存在局部化特征, 年代际尺度相关具有阶段性。分析认为, 2000年以来副热带高压脊线和北界位置偏北并维持反气旋型环流, 有利于水汽向华北输送, 使得华北降水增多, 是近年来华北中南部降水蒸发差增大的主要原因; 而东亚季风减弱不利于西南气流的水汽输送, 以及蒙古高原显著增暖导致蒸发增大等因素, 使得华北东北部仍处于持续缺水期。     

灰色最小二乘支持向量机在滑坡变形预测中的应用

结合灰色系统思想与最小二乘支持向量机构成灰色最小二乘支持向量机,根据目前灰色模型与最小二乘支持向量机结合的方法,提出并联型、串联型和残差型三种预测模型的结构.将上述三种灰色最小二乘支持向量机模型用于对三峡库区石佛寺滑坡垂直位移进行预测,模型精度和预测结果比较理想,优于单一预测模型.试验表明:灰色最小二乘支持向量机可提高预测精度,用于滑坡变形预测是有效可行的.     

地磁场与气候变化关系的新探索

对地磁场与气候变化的统计研究早已表明，二者有很好的相关关系。本文的目的是对它们的关系给出一种可能的物理解释。利用近600年的地磁场模型资料和全球平均温度序列分析了两者变化的关系，发现它们有很好的对应，且地磁场变化超前于全球气温变化。从地磁场的变化来看，21世纪初全球变暖的趋势应该减缓。文中对地表浅层热场（地热带、火山和地温场）的分布特征与地球内部软流圈－岩石圈边界上焦耳热场的分布特征进行了对比分析。结果表明，地表浅层热场与地球深层焦耳热的分布有很好的对应关系，这可能暗示地表浅层热场是地球深层焦耳热的反映，地磁场通过焦耳热的不断释旋影响气候变化。     

Thickness distribution and extent of sea ice and snow in Prydz Bay and surrounding waters observed in 2012/2013 austral summer

Three ship-based observational campaigns were conducted to survey sea ice and snow in Prydz Bay and the surrounding waters(64.40°S–69.40°S, 76.11°E–81.29°E) from 28 November 2012 to 3 February 2013. In this paper, we present the sea ice extent and its variation, and the ice and snow thickness distributions and their variations with time in the observed zone. In the pack ice zone, the southern edge of the pack ice changed little, whereas the northern edge retreated significantly during the two earlier observation periods. Compared with the pack ice, the fast ice exhibited a significantly slower variation in extent with its northernmost edge retreating southwards by 6.7 km at a rate of 0.37 km?d-1. Generally, ice showed an increment in thickness with increasing latitude from the end of November to the middle of December. Ice and snow thickness followed an approximate normal distribution during the two earlier observations(79.7±28.9 cm, 79.1±19.1 cm for ice thickness, and 11.6±6.1 cm, 9.6±3.4 cm for snow thickness, respectively), and the distribution tended to be more concentrated in mid-December than in late November. The expected value of ice thickness decreased by 0.6 cm, whereas that of snow thickness decreased by 2 cm from 28 November to 18 December 2012. Ice thickness distribution showed no obvious regularity between 31 January and 3 February, 2013.