国内外公共服务设施空间布局研究进展

按照纵向发展时序对国内外公共服务设施空间布局研究的视角、方法和主题进行了梳理。结果表明：国外研究主题历经了区位选择和布局模式、空间布局的公平性和可达性、布局的社会分异及其形成机制等的演变;研究视角从单纯的计量地理发展到与经济学、社会学等多学科交叉;研究方法从构建模型发展到与GIS结合等多种方法集成等。相比之下,国内研究差距明显,主要表现在研究视角欠缺多学科的交叉融合,方法多借鉴国外,缺乏创新,主题较为局限。最后提出未来研究应该多关注以下5方面：丰富可达性的内涵进行公平性度量;在以人为本的基础上整合配套多设施协同布局;注重设施的应时性和可变性;在大数据背景下开展小尺度的实证研究;植根中国实际,研究对象转向农村地区以及城市边缘区。     

A National Accounting Framework for the Petroleum Cycle: A Case Study of China

In a world of climate change and socio-economic development, oil is the strategic resource that is closely intertwined and interdependent. Tracing the evolution of petroleum resources flow is fundamental to understanding petroleum supply and demand, and can also serve as the basis for assessing CO₂ emissions from petroleum products. This paper aims to provide a petroleum products flow accounting framework that divides petroleum flow into four phases, three flows, three libraries, and two processes, and summarizes the approach to measure and analyze petroleum resources flows. It takes China as an example for empirical research, and finds that: ① China’s petroleum production, consumption and import have significantly increased over the past two decades, and the combination of increasing demand and limited supply have created an urgent need for China to diversify its petroleum sources globally to ensure its oil security. ② Final consumption accounts for the use of most petroleum products and special attention should be paid to the losses in the petroleum refining process. ③ With the exception of crude oil, petroleum product flows among various sectors has changed greatly. Particularly, the flow of petroleum products into transport and residential consumption has trended upward significantly, whereas the flow to industry is trending downward. ④ CO₂ emission data shows that CO₂ emission amounts increased rapidly from 456Mt in 1993 to 1517Mt in 2013. Previously, the top three CO₂ emitters were the industrial sector, the transport sector including the transport, storage and post segments, and the thermal power sector. Currently, the largest emitters are the transport sector, the industrial sector and the residential consumption sector. Finally, poorly demarcated system boundaries and incomplete databases and models constrain research on industry flows of petroleum resources for non-energy use.     

塔北隆起古生代构造样式和构造反演

塔北隆起是塔里木盆地的主要含油气区,笔者利用地震剖面解释和平衡剖面技术对塔北隆起构造变形和构造演化进行了研究.塔北隆起构造变形存在明显的构造差异,西部英买力地区主要发育盖层滑脱式逆冲断层褶皱和"y"型压扭断层,而其东部主要发育基底卷入式逆断层及断层传播褶皱和反冲断层构造.造成塔北隆起东、西构造样式差异的机理主要有两点:一是东部地区对震旦纪一早奥陶世正断层在后期挤压作用下反转,二是英买力地区中寒武统盐层的发育.塔北隆起地区古生代构造演化也存在着一定的差异,塔北隆起东部震旦纪一早奥陶世发育大型正断层构造,而英买力地区为稳定碳酸盐岩台地;晚奥陶世至泥盆纪,塔北隆起东部牙哈断层发生反转,轮台凸起隆升,而英买力地区位于隆起的斜坡部位;石炭纪至二叠纪,塔北隆起东部大规模抬升,剥蚀严重,出露变质基底,英买力地区接受强烈的变形作用,主要发育盖层滑脱式逆断层和褶皱构造.     

北京戒台寺滑坡治理工程动态监测

北京戒台寺滑坡为一产生在地质构造发育、地层岩性差和地质环境恶劣条件下的大型破碎岩石滑坡群。滑坡规模巨大,成因复杂,总方量达920多万立方米。滑坡治理采用支挡、锚固、治水、注浆等综合治理技术。整治工程中,对滑坡进行了动态监测,通过深孔、裂缝、地表观测网等监测手段,确定滑坡的变形范围、滑动面位置、主滑方向、各滑块的滑动方向以及之间的滑动关系,同时揭示了春融以及治理工程中各工序对滑坡的影响,为动态设计、信息化施工及评价工程效果提供依据,在整治工程中发挥了关键性作用。同时,也为今后类似大型滑坡的监测提供参考。     

自嵌式景观加筋挡土墙的特点及工程应用

自嵌式景观挡土墙具有施工工艺简单、稳定性好、造价低、美观、环保等特点。针对自嵌式景观挡土墙施工中的关键技术问题进行探讨,提出了相应的技术措施。     

铵伊利石矿物热稳定性研究

通过室内对含铵伊利石粘土岩样品加热处理,利用DTA、XRD、FTIR、氮元素分析等方法研究了铵伊利石的热稳定性,发现铵伊利石矿物中的氮含量随温度的升高而逐渐降低.铵伊利石矿物晶格结构在500℃之前,具有稳定性,层间的N表现为缓慢释放的特征.在500～600℃温度区间,层间N的释放速率加剧.600℃开始向半晶质化方向发展,700 ℃以上晶格结构破坏,层间NH4+消失.加热到700～800℃高温相中,仍残留有0.3%～0.5%的氮,这表明矿物中的N在高温下通过与Si、Al和O原子化学结合,仍具有比较高的相对稳定性.本研究对于认识地球系统幔源物质演化、运移、分异、脱气作用和氮循环等具有重要理论意义.     

东秦岭丹凤蛇绿混杂岩带变泥质粉砂岩的地球化学特征及物源分析

东秦岭丹凤县东部的郭家沟是丹凤蛇绿混杂岩的典型出露区,作为其重要组成部分的沉积岩主要由夹有少量硅质岩的泥质粉砂岩构成,目前已变为角闪石英片岩和少量黒云石英片岩。这些变泥质粉砂岩显示了活动陆缘岛弧物源区沉积物高CaO、MgO、MnO、Sr、Ba,低K2O/Al2O3比值,轻稀土元素中等富集,Eu异常微弱的地球化学特征。其中,占主体的角闪石英片岩高Co/Th、低La/Sc和Th/Sc比值;黒云石英片岩低Co/Th、高La/Sc和Th/Sc比值,反映其源区以基性物质为主,花岗质物质的供给有限。根据与变泥质粉砂岩共生的硅质岩形成于奥陶纪—志留纪推断,这套沉积岩形成于北秦岭区活动大陆边缘岛弧演化早期弧前沉积盆地环境。     

冻土区输电线路塔基选位的影响因素分析

青海西藏500kV直流联网输电线路工程跨越整个青藏高原,其生存环境不可避免与冻土有着紧密联系,冻土特有的冻胀、融沉特性给线路的勘测、设计、施工及后期运营带来了极大挑战。本文对取自青藏高原的原状和重塑冻土样样品进行了物理力学试验。结果表明:同种土在不同含冰量下,随含冰量的增大,则冻融特性敏感性增强;不同性质的土,在含冰量相同的情况下,颗粒越细,则冻融特性越敏感。同时,分析认为:塔基地质环境、不良冻土现象、不同地貌单元、冻土的热稳定性特征及施工作业便捷性等都是影响塔基稳定性的重要因素。     

兴文侵蚀型天坑的形成演化过程研究

According to the first-hand investigation and study on Xingwen Global Geopark,the results and the data show that apart from Dayanwan and Xiaoyanwan collapsed karst Tiankeng,there are other karst landforms in Bowang Mount scenic spot such as Feiwu Cave,Dao Cave,Cangshuiyan Gorge,Nanxing TanKeng and so on.These typical karst landforms could be regarded as different vestiges of erosive karst Tiankeng of Xingwen Global Geopark,which stand for the evolutional processes of erosive karst Tiankeng separately.Moreover,the evolutional processes of erosive karst Tiankeng could be divided into the following continuous processes:an erosive karst Tiankeng develops from the processes of eroding and dissolving & extending of silo Sinkhole,and subsequently degrades to a large gorge or doline.It is worth pointing out that except for erosion of flowing water,at the same time,collapse effect has been playing extremely important role in the forming processes of these special erosive landforms.     

桂林洞穴滴水及现代碳酸钙(CaCO3)沉积的碳同位素记录及其环境意义

经过前期(1995~2000年)及近2 a对桂林盘龙洞13个滴水点的2 个水文年的滴水和现代碳酸钙沉积的动态监测, 发现现代洞穴碳酸钙(CaCO3)沉积有两种类型: ①常年性滴水沉积碳酸盐, 其δ13C值记录了全年气候变化特征; ②季节性滴水沉积碳酸盐, 其δ13C值记录了季节性气候变化特征。现代碳酸盐沉积监测和碳同位素分析表明, 桂林盘龙洞外部峰体主要为C3植物(几乎没有C4植物), 现代沉积碳酸盐的δ13C记录显示, 在夏半年, 夏季风强、降水丰沛、生物的活动量大, 现代碳酸盐沉积量大,δ13C值则较偏负, 平均为-13.13‰; 现代碳酸盐的δ13C全年平均值为-12.23‰, 最负值达-14.5‰; 而在冬半年, 由于降水相对较少, 新沉积碳酸盐的δ13C值, 显示稍有增加(或偏正), 其δ13C值为-10‰~-11‰。此外, 当在降大雨或暴雨后(无论是在夏半年或是在冬半年), 滴水在滞后半个月或1个月后沉积形成的碳酸盐, 其δ13C值显示突然偏负, 主要反映的是降雨效应引起的CO2 效应的影响。