矿床成矿系列——五论矿床的成矿系列问题

矿床的成矿系列(简称成矿系列)是矿床学领域的一个理论性概念,由五级序次组成。矿床成矿系列是成矿系列的第二序次,是成矿系列的核心部分。矿床成矿系列的划分,以岩浆、沉积、变质、表生和流体(非岩浆-非变质成因流体)5种成矿作用为基本原则,以成矿地质环境为基础,结合成矿的时段与形成的矿床组合进行划分。本文对矿床成矿系列时空范围、时空组成结构、矿化强度与演化、成矿区带内不同矿床成矿系列之间的演化、叠加和复合作用及对指导找矿的意义进行了论述。     

土体三轴试验固结过程解析解

三轴试验是获取土体强度和应力变形特性的一个重要室内试验手段。三轴试验中,排水固结阶段试样的孔压消散及固结完成情况是非常重要的两个核心要素,它是进行后续剪切试验的基础和依据。基于等应变假设,推导了土体三轴剪切试验排水固结过程的解析解,以用于分析整个排水固结过程的孔压消散和固结完成程度。针对室内三轴固结排水(CD)试验,利用所推导的解析解对其排水固结过程的孔压和固结度进行了验算对比。结果表明,解析解计算得到的固结度和孔压消散曲线与室内三轴剪切试验的相应曲线吻合得较好,说明解析解可应用于三轴剪切试验排水固结过程分析。     

湘中龙山大型金锑矿床成矿时代研究——黄铁矿Re-Os和锆石U-Th/He定年

龙山金锑矿床是湘中锑-金矿集区最重要的矿床之一,因缺少适合传统放射性同位素定年的矿物,其成矿时代以往未得到很好的限定,制约了对矿床成因的认识。由于分析测试技术的进步,Re-Os同位素定年技术得到了发展,可对热液矿床中形成的低Re、Os含量的硫化物进行较准确可靠的年龄测定,从而可为低温热液矿床的形成时代提供有效制约。锆石U-Th/He同位素定年,也是近年发展和成熟起来的定年技术,对低温热事件极其敏感,同样是约束低温成矿年龄的重要手段之一。本文采用矿床中黄铁矿Re-Os同位素和蚀变围岩中受成矿热事件影响的锆石U-Th/He同位素定年技术,对龙山金锑矿床的成矿时代进行了研究。定年结果显示:热液成因黄铁矿的Re-Os等时线年龄为195±36Ma,对应于印支晚期;锆石U-Th/He年龄为51.2~133.3Ma,经Ft校正后,U-Th/He年龄分布于93.78~258.29Ma之间,平均值为160.7±7.3Ma,对应于燕山早期。该矿床可能发生了200Ma和160Ma的两次成矿作用;或者矿床形成于200Ma左右,但是受到了160Ma左右岩浆热事件的改造,黄铁矿Re-Os年龄代表成矿年龄,而锆石U-Th/He年龄则代表第二期热事件发生的时间。无论是200Ma左右一次成矿,还是另有160Ma左右的成矿作用叠加,这两个年龄分别与区内两期岩浆活动的时间相当,这表明岩浆事件对驱动矿床的形成发挥了重要的作用。     

遥感技术在内蒙古东乌珠穆沁旗萨麦地区的找矿应用

本文以内蒙古东乌珠穆沁旗萨麦地区1:5万巴彦塔拉等4幅区域地质调查范围为研究区,以ETM+影像数据为信息源,以波谱理论为基础,从遥感图像中提取蚀变信息继而进行遥感找矿实践。针对区内铁染、羟基蚀变类型使用主成分分析等方法,将研究区划分为10个异常区,结合区域构造特征情况,对异常区域开展了1:1万路线调查,综合判定后,选择了4个找矿靶区进行了化探剖面探测并进行了成果分析,结果显示遥感蚀变信息与野外调查和化探异常吻合较好。     

CO2加富对塔玛亚历山大藻叶绿素荧光参数及产毒的影响

由大气中CO_2浓度升高引起的海洋酸化,是全球性的重大环境问题之一。本研究采用实验生态学的方法,以塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)为研究对象,分析其在CO_2加富条件下叶绿素荧光动力学参数及产毒特征的变化。调制叶绿素荧光结果显示,CO_2加富对塔玛亚历山大藻的PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)、最大相对电子传递效率(r ETRmax)有显著影响(P0.05),且随着培养时间的增长Fv/Fm、r ETRmax均降低,对半饱和光强(Ik)、快速光曲线初始斜率(α)却无显著影响(P0.05)。结果说明CO_2加富能促进塔玛亚历山大藻的PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量,提高其最大光能转换效率和相对最大电子传递效率。高效液相色谱法分析结果显示,该株塔玛亚历山大藻主要产漆沟藻毒素1(GTX1)、漆沟藻毒素4(GTX4)、N-磺酰氨甲酰基毒素(C1)及N-磺酰氨甲酰基毒素(C2)四种PSTs毒素,CO_2加富不改变主要麻痹性贝毒(PSTs)的种类组成,但能显著提高氨基甲酸酯类毒素(GTX1、GTX4)产量(P0.05),而降低N-磺酰氨甲酰基类毒素(C1、C2)产量(P0.05),说明加富能使塔玛亚历山大藻所产毒素发生转化,进而影响藻细胞的整体毒性。     

东海内陆架沉积物敏感粒级构成及其地质意义

沉积物粒级包含了大量的沉积环境信息,在古环境恢复和重建中被广泛应用。基于采自东海内陆架的三根沉积物岩芯,作者利用激光粒度分析方法研究了沉积物的粒度组成,确定了敏感性粒级,探讨了搬运机制及其环境意义。研究表明:东海内陆架现代沉积物含有大致相同的三个敏感性粒级,分别是粒级1(12μm)、粒级2(12—225μm)和粒级3(225μm)。从北到南敏感粒级具有逐渐细化的趋势,该趋势与长江入海沉积物向南搬运过程中发生的沉积分异作用有关。粒级1和粒级2分别由均匀悬浮次总体和递变悬浮次总体构成,而粒级3则由生物过程产生。结合该区的海洋动力特征,作者认为,粒级2可较好地用来指示冬季海洋动力强度,并具有揭示东亚冬季风强度的潜在意义。     

国际上的政治地理学研究进展与启示————对《Political Geography》杂志2005-2015年载文的分析

通过对国际上的政治地理学旗舰性杂志《Political Geography》2005-2015年期间391篇成果的分析,总结出国际政治地理学研究的主要研究议题为:边境与边界,环境政治,空间与尺度,领土和主权以及安全问题,选举地理,社会和文化政治,其中空间与尺度,领土和主权以及安全问题,社会和文化政治几个方向研究成果占较大比例,而其他三个方向则相对较少.通过研究方法分析发现,国际政治地理学主要采用定性分析的方法,尤其是民族志和文本分析的方法,定量分析的使用存在一定的局限性.最后,从该杂志的研究对象和研究机构两个方面的分析归纳出:欧美主导的发达国家(尤其是英国和美国)对世界政治地理学话题的学术霸权与世界南,北差异发展具有一定的相关性.在中国综合国力日渐增强,参与国际事务能力不断提高以及作为新兴的地缘政治力量崛起的社会历史背景下,政治地理学经世致用之能亟待被展现.因此,中国政治地理学发展作为发展中国家的声音势必将越来越洪亮.     

An Analytical Solution for Dynamic Response of the Plate with Different Impedances Subjected to Underwater Explosion

In this paper, the transmitted part of the incident wave is considered to revise Taylor’s solution, which is used to extend its application for analytical models to predict the response of the plate with different material properties. The influence of the material properties and the boundary condition of the plate on fluid and structural dynamics is systematically investigated. The analytical results are compared with those of detailed dynamic FE simulations and the two are in good agreement. The results indicate that the analytical method is valid and suitable for the plates with different material properties subjected to underwater explosion. It is found that Taylor’s results of the plate with small impedance are invalid, which indicates a potential application field for the analytical method.     

Application of Linear Mean-Square Estimation in Ocean Engineering

The attempt to obtain long-term observed data around some sea areas we concern is usually very hard or even impossible in practical offshore and ocean engineering situations. In this paper, by means of linear mean-square estimation method, a new way to extend short-term data to long-term ones is developed. The long-term data about concerning sea areas can be constructed via a series of long-term data obtained from neighbor oceanographic stations, through relevance analysis of different data series. It is effective to cover the insufficiency of time series prediction method’s overdependence upon the length of data series, as well as the limitation of variable numbers adopted in multiple linear regression model. The storm surge data collected from three oceanographic stations located in Shandong Peninsula are taken as examples to analyze the number-selection effect of reference oceanographic stations (adjacent to the concerning sea area) and the correlation coefficients between sea sites which are selected for reference and for engineering projects construction respectively. By comparing the N-year return-period values which are calculated from observed raw data and processed data which are extended from finite data series by means of the linear mean-square estimation method, one can draw a conclusion that this method can give considerably good estimation in practical ocean engineering, in spite of different extreme value distributions about raw and processed data.     

Ultimate Bending Capacity of Strain Hardening Steel Pipes

Based on Hencky’s total strain theory of plasticity, ultimate bending capacity of steel pipes can be determined analytically assuming an elastic-linear strain hardening material, the simplified analytical solution is proposed as well. Good agreement is observed when ultimate bending capacities obtained from analytical solutions are compared with experimental results from full-size tests of steel pipes. Parametric study conducted as part of this paper indicates that the strain hardening effect has significant influence on the ultimate bending capacity of steel pipes. It is shown that pipe considering strain hardening yields higher bending capacity than that of pipe assumed as elastic-perfectly plastic material. Thus, the ignorance of strain hardening effect, as commonly assumed in current codes, may underestimate the ultimate bending capacity of steel pipes. The solutions proposed in this paper are applicable in the design of offshore/onshore steel pipes, supports of offshore platforms and other tubular structural steel members.