北黄海冷水团温度年际变化研究

本文基于1976—2006年国家标准断面(大连—成山头)调查资料,结合ECMWF气温、风速以及辐射等再分析资料,研究了北黄海冷水团的低温中心以及北部锋面的年际变化规律,并对其与气候年际变化信号的关系做了相关性分析以及EOF分析,研究了影响北黄海冷水团的诸多因素。研究结果表明,北黄海冷水团及其北部锋面强度存在明显的年际变化特征,北黄海冷水团中心最低温度具有升温趋势,北部锋面强度具有减弱趋势。分析发现,前冬海温,当地气温,经向风场以及辐射通量都对来年北黄海冷水团的强度存在影响,东亚冬季风的年际变异是影响北黄海冷水团温度年际变化的主要机制,El Nio、La Nia事件成熟期滞后于北黄海冷水团最低温度的相对低值、高值出现,ENSO通过与东亚冬季风的相互作用与北黄海冷水团相联系。     

Radiation belt electron acceleration induced by gyroresonant interaction with magnetosonic waves

Using Cluster 4 satellite data, we examine activities of fast magnetosonic (MS) waves in the outer radiation belt near the location L=4.2 on 28 May 2005. We adopt a Gaussian distribution to fit the observed power spectral density of MS waves and find the fitting wave strength to be 245 pT. We then calculate the bounce-averaged diffusion coefficients and show that these diffusion coefficients are pronounced within a region of pitch angles about 25°–70°. By solving a 2D Fokker-Planck diffusion equation, we simulate the dynamic evolution of the electron phase space density (PSD), and demonstrate that significant increases in electron PSDs at energies of MeVs occur mainly within the aforementioned pitch-angle range over a time scale of several hours. The current results suggest that the interaction between MS waves and electrons could be an important mechanism of electron acceleration in the radiation belt.     

菏泽市气候极值的统计分布和再现期研究

科学合理地估算某地区的气候极值再现期是气象科技服务的重要内容,对当地经济建设具有重要意义。对菏泽市35种气候极值,分别都用皮尔逊Ⅲ型（Pearson Ⅲ）、对数正态（log normal）、耿贝尔（Gumbel）、韦伯（Weibull）分布函数进行拟合,用χ2检验选出最优者。使用选出的最优分布函数,用多个再现期算出再现期极值,列成表格以备气象服务中使用。通过最优分布函数的选取,对哪个类型的气候要素较多服从于哪个分布函数问题进行了研究。研究结果发现极端气温类型的极值和日数类型的极值较多服从于皮尔逊Ⅲ型分布,降水和其他类型的极值较多服从于耿贝尔分布。简要介绍了计算中使用Excel的技巧。     

基于欧拉—拉格朗日模式的风沙跃移数值模拟方法

通过对沙粒的起动过程以及粒床相互作用机理进行参数化处理,利用计算流体力学方法与离散动力学模拟对风场和沙粒进行耦合迭代,建立了基于欧拉—拉格朗日模式的、适用于研究风沙流二维特征的风沙跃移数值模型。通过模拟沙粒集团以及单颗沙粒跃移运动的随机特征,有效描述了风沙流垂向以及沿程变化规律,并且能够输出任意时刻每颗沙粒的空间位置、速度和加速度等信息。输沙通量的空间分布与现场观测实验数据有较高的吻合度,摩阻风速和风速廓线两个宏观物理量的变化情况与风沙流形成和发展的物理实际相符,说明了本数值模型和计算方法的合理性。     

Fred’s Flow (Canada) and Murphy Well (Australia): thick komatiitic lava flows with contrasting compositions,emplacement mechanisms and water contents

Two Archaean komatiitic flows, Fred’s Flow in Canada and the Murphy Well Flow in Australia, have similar thicknesses (120 and 160 m) but very different compositions and internal structures. Their contrasting differentiation profiles are keys to determine the cooling and crystallization mechanisms that operated during the eruption of Archaean ultramafic lavas. Fred’s Flow is the type example of a thick komatiitic basalt flow. It is strongly differentiated and consists of a succession of layers with contrasting textures and compositions. The layering is readily explained by the accumulation of olivine and pyroxene in a lower cumulate layer and by evolution of the liquid composition during downward growth of spinifex-textured rocks within the upper crust. The magmas that erupted to form Fred’s Flow had variable compositions, ranging from 12 to 20 wt% MgO, and phenocryst contents from 0 to 20 vol%. The flow was emplaced by two pulses. A first ~20-m-thick pulse was followed by another more voluminous but less magnesian pulse that inflated the flow to its present 120 m thickness. Following the second pulse, the flow crystallized in a closed system and differentiated into cumulates containing 30–38 wt% MgO and a residual gabbroic layer with only 6 wt% MgO. The Murphy Well Flow, in contrast, has a remarkably uniform composition throughout. It comprises a 20-m-thick upper layer of fine-grained dendritic olivine and 2–5 vol% amygdales, a 110–120 m intermediate layer of olivine porphyry and a 20–30 m basal layer of olivine orthocumulate. Throughout the flow, MgO contents vary little, from only 30 to 33 wt%, except for the slightly more magnesian basal layer (38–40 wt%). The uniform composition of the flow and dendritic olivine habits in the upper 20 m point to rapid cooling of a highly magnesian liquid with a composition like that of the bulk of the flow. Under equilibrium conditions, this liquid should have crystallized olivine with the composition Fo94.9, but the most magnesian composition measured by electron microprobe in samples from the flow is Fo92.9. To explain these features, we propose that the parental liquid contained around 32 wt% MgO and 3 wt% H₂O. This liquid degassed during the eruption, creating a supercooled liquid that solidified quickly and crystallized olivine with non-equilibrium textures and compositions.     

土壤硝酸盐氮的空间变异特征及影响因素分析

为了掌握土壤中硝酸盐氮的空间变异性规律,为硝酸盐污染土壤控制与修复提供依据,以东北某农业灌区为例,利用地质统计方法进行土壤硝酸盐氮的空间变异特征及影响因素分析。研究结果表明：土壤硝酸盐氮的空间变异性显著,变异系数达到82.88%以上。第一层土壤硝酸盐氮在南北向空间上存在严格的自相关性,空间变异的结构性成分比例较高;第二、三层位土壤硝酸盐氮空间变化接近分形布朗运动;第四层位土壤硝酸盐氮在各方向上都具有较高的随机性。总体土壤硝酸盐氮质量分数由西向东逐渐递减,在浑河中下游以及细河附近土壤硝酸盐氮质量分数偏高。不同影响因素对于硝酸盐氮的空间变异特征影响不一致：土壤硝酸盐氮质量分数与有机质质量分数的空间分布趋势一致;不同土壤类型中,水田环境中土壤硝酸盐氮随着深度线性递减,而其他类型土壤中硝酸盐氮质量分数在表层向下递减后有一个回升现象,这与它们各自所处的环境特点有关,而地表壤土和砂土富含硝酸盐。     

规划实施动态评估技术支撑体系研究

主要研究城乡规划实施动态评估技术支撑体系,将传统评估数据与城市动态数据相结合,将空间地理数据与社会属性数据相结合,将城市定量工具分析与专家经验分析相结合,最终实现了规划动态评估新模式;主要从城市发展现状动态监测、数据挖掘、动态评估工具及系统构建3个方面阐述城乡规划实施动态评估支持技术体系的关键技术及应用模式。     

长江口海平面上升预测及其对滨海湿地影响

选择吴淞站和吕四站2个验潮站数据,通过统计学方法进行长江口海平面上升预测,从而构建了一套长江口地区较完备的海平面上升情景库：以2013年为基准年份,其最佳预测值的范围在2030年、2050年、2100年分别为50~217 mm,118~430 mm,256~1215 mm。以此情景库为基础,探究海平面上升变化对长江口滨海湿地的影响,结果表明：随着海平面上升值的增加,长江口滨海湿地的面积不断减少;在基于验潮站数据作趋势外推得到的情景下,湿地面积减少较平缓,而在考虑全球变暖背景的情景下,湿地面积减少迅速;且不论在何种情景下,时间尺度越大,湿地减少的面积越大。     

Long-term variation in the salinity of the Southern Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass, 1976–2006

This paper discusses the long-term variation in the salinity of the Southern Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass (SYSCWM) and examines factors influencing the SYSCWM based on hydrographic datasets of the China National Standard section and the Korea Oceanographic Data Center. The mean salinity at the center of the SYSCWM showed a decreasing long-term trend. In empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis, the second EOF mode showed a similar long-term trend. The mean salinity of the center of the SYSCWM was related to the intrusion of saline water from the Yellow Sea Warm Current (YSWC), the salinity of the source area of the YSWC, the evaporation minus precipitation (E–P) flux, and discharge from the Changjiang River. The decreasing salinity trend to the southwest of Cheju Island produced a freshening trend in the YSWC, resulting in a reduction in the salinity of the SYSCWM. The freshening trends of the water from the northwest Pacific and the South China Sea were seen as the reason for the decreasing salinity trend from the intrusion of water into the Yellow Sea (YS). The freshwater flux influenced the surface salinity and was brought to deep layers by strong mixing in winter. The mean E–P flux signal and Changjiang River discharge signal lagged the first principal component of the SYSCWM by approximately 5 months.     

基于手绘草图的北京居民认知地图变形及因素分析

认知地图是外界环境在人们头脑中的表征, 往往与现实地图不一致, 研究认知地图及 其变形对城市规划和建设具有重要意义。手绘草图是当前挖掘认知地图的一种主要方法。通 过问卷调查, 获得北京居民手绘草图样本, 分析草图中体现的北京城市意象要素。采用二维 回归(BR) 与标准偏差椭圆方法定量测度认知地图整体和局部的变形。对于二维回归计算出 的变形系数(DI) 进一步采用蒙特卡罗模拟计算其变形半径, 得出北京居民的认知地图平均变 形在2-3 km, 整体变形以二环为界, 内小外大, 并呈西南-东北斜向拉伸, 东西收缩的趋 势, 局部变形北部大于南部。个体的变形系数与对地标的熟悉程度负相关, 男性小于女性, 驾车者小于不驾车者, 日常活动范围越广、出行频率越高、居住时间越久、距离锚点越近的 被试认知变形越小。