长安四府村32～10 ka BP期间沙尘暴活动的记录

通过对长安区四府村剖面晚更新世后期黄土样品的粒度分析测定,探讨了沙尘暴活动与土壤颗粒组成的关系及32～10kaBP以来的沙尘暴的活动趋势。结果表明,黄土古土壤序列中粗粉砂含量高和粘粒含量低,反映当时沙尘暴活动强烈,反之,沙尘暴活动弱。冰期沙尘暴活动强主要是冰期降水量少造成的,温度低是次要的。古土壤层S10中的粘粒既包含风尘堆积的原始组分,也包含风化成壤过程中对先前发育的黄土L21改造后的次生组分。32～10kaBP以来,沙尘暴活动具有由弱到强的变化趋势,其中23～10kaBP间活动最强。     

Long‐term streamflow trends in Hawai'i and implications for native stream fauna

Climate change has fundamentally altered the water cycle in tropical islands, which is a critical driver of freshwater ecosystems. To examine how changes in streamflow regime have impacted habitat quality for native migratory aquatic species, we present a 50‐year (1967–2016) analysis of hydrologic records in 23 unregulated streams across the five largest Hawaiian Islands. For each stream, flow was separated into direct run‐off and baseflow and high‐ and low‐flow statistics (i.e., Q10 and Q90) with ecologically important hydrologic indices (e.g., frequency of flooding and low flow duration) derived. Using Mann–Kendall tests with a running trend analysis, we determined the persistence of streamflow trends through time. We analysed native stream fauna from ~400 sites, sampled from 1992 to 2007, to assess species richness among islands and streams. Declines in streamflow metrics indicated a general drying across the islands. In particular, significant declines in low flow conditions (baseflows), were experienced in 57% of streams, compared with a significant decline in storm flow conditions for 22% of streams. The running trend analysis indicated that many of the significant downward trends were not persistent through time but were only significant if recent decades (1987–2016) were included, with an average decline in baseflow and run‐off of 10.90% and 8.28% per decade, respectively. Streams that supported higher native species diversity were associated with moderate discharge and baseflow index, short duration of low flows, and negligible downward trends in flow. A significant decline in dry season flows (May–October) has led to an increase in the number of no‐flow days in drier areas, indicating that more streams may become intermittent, which has important implications for mauka to makai (mountain to ocean) hydrological connectivity and management of Hawai'i's native migratory freshwater fauna.     

Enhancement of backtracking search algorithm for identifying soil parameters

In this paper, an enhanced backtracking search algorithm (so-called MBSA-LS) for parameter identification is proposed with two modifications: (a) modifying the mutation of original backtracking search algorithm (BSA) considering the contribution of current best individual for accelerating convergence speed and (b) novelly incorporating an efficient differential evolution (DE) as local search for improving the quality of population. The proposed MBSA-LS is first validated with better performance than the original BSA and some other typical state-of-the-art optimization algorithms on a benchmark of soil parameter identification in terms of effectiveness, efficiency, and robustness. Then, the efficiency of the MBSA-LS is further illustrated by two representative cases: identifying soil parameters from both laboratory tests and field measurements. All comparisons demonstrate that the proposed MBSA-LS algorithm can give accurate results in a short time. Finally, to conveniently solve the problems of parameter identification, a practical tool ErosOpt for parameter identification is developed by integrating the proposed MBSA-LS and some other efficient algorithms for readers to conduct the parameter identification using optimisation algorithms.     

Groundwater recharge in an arid grassland as indicated by soil chloride profile and multiple tracers

Previous studies have shown that shallow groundwater in arid regions is often not in equilibrium with near‐surface boundary conditions due to human activities and climate change. This is especially the case where the unsaturated zone is thick and recharge rate is limited. Under this nonequilibrium condition, the unsaturated zone solute profile plays an important role in estimating recent diffuse recharge in arid environments. This paper combines evaluation of the thick unsaturated zone with the saturated zone to investigate the groundwater recharge of a grassland in the arid western Ordos Basin, NW China, using the soil chloride profiles and multiple tracers (²H, ¹⁸O, ¹³C, ¹⁴C, and water chemistry) of groundwater. Whereas conventional water balance and Darcy flux measurements usually involve large errors in recharge estimations for arid areas, chloride mass balance has been widely and generally successfully used. The results show that the present diffuse recharge beneath the grassland is 0.11–0.32 mm/year, based on the chloride mass balance of seven soil profiles. The chloride accumulation age is approximately 2,500 years at a depth of 13 m in the unsaturated zone. The average Cl content in soil moisture in the upper 13 m of the unsaturated zone ranges from 2,842 to 7,856 mg/L, whereas the shallow groundwater Cl content ranges from 95 to 351 mg/L. The corrected ¹⁴C age of shallow groundwater ranges from 4,327 to 29,708 years. Stable isotopes show that the shallow groundwater is unrelated to modern precipitation. The shallow groundwater was recharged during the cold and wet phases of the Late Pleistocene and Holocene humid phase based on palaeoclimate, and consequently, the groundwater resources are nonrenewable. Due to the limited recharge rate and thick unsaturated zone, the present shallow groundwater has not been in hydraulic equilibrium with near‐surface boundary conditions in the past 2,500 years.     

大跨度三塔斜拉桥主塔施工测量技术研究

蒙华铁路洞庭湖大桥是世界最大跨度的三塔铁路斜拉桥,对大桥主塔的测量精度要求极高。本文主要介绍了蒙华铁路洞庭湖三塔斜拉桥主塔的施工测量控制技术,针对斜拉桥塔座、塔柱、索导管等关键结构的控制测量,结合洞庭湖大桥的工程施工特点进行研究,并对三维极坐标放样及全站仪天顶测距法进行精度分析。     

Cr~(3+)在蒙脱石中吸附位置研究——基于蒙脱石、CTAB-和NH_4~+-交换层间域的蒙脱石吸附铬研究

蒙脱石具良好的阳离子可交换吸附特性。在提纯蒙脱石的基础上,用氯化铵(NH_4Cl)和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)分别交换蒙脱石层间阳离子制备了改性蒙脱石,并用提纯蒙脱石、改性后的蒙脱石吸附碱式硫酸铬溶液中的铬离子,获得含铬蒙脱石样品。针对上述的含铬蒙脱石进行包括粉末X射线衍射术(XRD)、电子顺磁共振谱术(EPR)和傅里叶变换红外吸收光谱术(FTIR)以及电感耦合与等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)等测试和分析。吸附残余液的化学分析结果和含铬蒙脱石样品的XRD结果显示CTAB对蒙脱石的层间的封闭是较完全的,层间几乎未发生交换吸附;而NH_4~+—蒙脱石和蒙脱石层间则发生交换吸附。吸附前后样品的红外吸收谱发生了较大变化,表明三个含铬样品的红外吸收谱上出现的硅醇和铝醇向低波数延展的现象是由铬离子吸附在蒙脱石结构片的六方孔中所致。EPR的结果指示甚至在蒙脱石的少量四面体和/(或)八面体位中也有Cr~(3+)占位。     

虎盆含金剪切带的厘定及其地质意义

黔东南虎盆金矿区处于杨子陆块与江南造山带的过渡地带,偏江南造山带一侧,区域性北东向稳江背斜北西翼,是黔东南地区典型的石英脉型金矿床。长期以来黔东南地区是否存在剪切带构造及其与金成矿的关系一直存在争议（卢焕章等,2005;陶平等,2011）,直接影响到该地区金矿的找矿工作方向。因此,黔东南地区剪切带构造的厘定对于完善该地区成矿模式研究具有重要意义。本文在充分总结虎盆矿床地质特征的基础上,利用宏观构造研究和显微构造研究及电子背散射衍射技术（EBSD）技术,首次厘定了虎盆含金剪切带,并探讨其与金成矿之间的关系及矿床成矿动力学背景,并结合区域成矿作用探讨区域找矿意义。     

不同大尺度强迫条件下考虑初始场与侧边界条件不确定性的对流尺度集合预报试验

研究了不同大尺度强迫条件下的暴雨个例中,考虑不同尺度特征的初始扰动与侧边界扰动相互作用构造对流尺度集合预报的可行性,为进一步构建“自适应”于不同强对流天气的对流尺度集合预报系统提供依据。结果表明,在大尺度强迫显著的个例1中,以大尺度扰动信息为主的动力降尺度的增长趋势较集合转换卡尔曼滤波(ETKF)更为显著,且总扰动能量在预报中后期超过集合转换卡尔曼滤波,而在大尺度强迫较弱的个例2中,集合转换卡尔曼滤波扰动能量始终高于动力降尺度。此外,当大尺度强迫显著时,初始扰动与侧边界扰动相匹配会产生相互促进的作用,而不匹配时初始扰动会在预报中后期抑制侧边界扰动的发展,当大尺度强迫较弱时,即使是互相间不匹配的初始扰动与侧边界扰动也能在大部分预报时段起到相互促进的作用,说明初始扰动与侧边界扰动的相互作用机制不仅与天气形势相关,也与二者是否匹配挂钩,另外,扰动的发展特征同样依赖于天气形势;从集合离散度的角度来看,当大尺度强迫明显时,侧边界扰动的作用会在更短的时间内取代初始扰动,从而对离散度起到主导地位;两种初始扰动方法相比,集合转换卡尔曼滤波在多数情况下对总离散度的贡献均大于动力降尺度;从降水量预报及概率预报情况来看,大尺度强迫明显的个例可预报性更高,且各集合成员间的差异较小,大尺度强迫较弱的个例则相反,且当两种初始扰动方案与侧边界扰动相结合时,较仅侧边界扰动均有一定提高。      

卫星臭氧资料的发展与应用

随着卫星探测技术的进步、天气学和气候学理论的不断完善,以及高性能计算机广泛应用,卫星臭氧资料的种类得到极大丰富并被应用到多个研究领域中,取得了一系列重要成果。文中介绍了主要星载臭氧探测仪的发展概况,回顾了卫星臭氧资料在气象领域的应用研究成果,主要包括卫星臭氧资料在气旋或低压过程中、全球或区域臭氧的气候分布及变化特征、高原臭氧分布及变化特点、数值应用等方面的应用研究,并展望了卫星臭氧资料研究的未来发展趋势。