Tetroon flights across a ridge

Two series of tetroon flights across a long reasonably two-dimensional ridge with crest elevation of about 100 m were performed during the summers of 1977 and 1978. All of the tetroons were ballasted to float at an equilibrium level of 100 m above the ground. The first series was released in the daytime. Large instabilities were observed during windy neutral atmospheric conditions as well as on days with strong thermal convection. Under more stable conditions the air flow was observed to reflect the structure of the terrain more closely. The second series of tetroons was released on clear nights when stable atmospheric conditions prevailed. The natural wavelengths for these flights were approximately the same as the total base width of the ridge (~1.5 km). Some implications for pollutant dispersion calculations in areas of complex terrain are discussed.     

Acoustic correlation current profiler

An acoustic correlation current profiler (ACCP) system is being developed to obtain vertical profiles of current velocities to ranges of approximately 1500 m. A single transmitter and a spatial array of eight receivers arranged in a novel geometry are employed to measure water mass displacement from receiver array cross-correlation functions. Test data from a shallow water ACCP operating at 76.8 kHz are presented and compared to model predictions as well as to velocity profiles obtained simultaneously during the tests from an adjacent acoustic Doppler current profiler. Additionally, predicted performance data for a lower frequency deep-water unit are presented     

MAGNETISM IN METEORITES

We present here a somewhat simplified overview of the subject of magnetism in meteorites. A glossary of magnetism terminology is included, followed by discussion of the various techniques used for magnetism studies in meteorites. The generalized results from use of these techniques by workers in the field is described. A brief critical analysis is offered.     

大兴安岭中生代花岗岩类的地球化学

大兴安岭中生代花岗岩根据微量元素地球化学特征划分为高锶花岗岩类和低锶花岗岩类,前者富集Ba、Sr、Ti,而后者强烈亏损这些元素而富集大离子亲石元素和高场强元素。高锶花岗岩类主要由石英闪长岩、英云闪长岩和花岗闪长岩组成,属于Ⅰ型花岗岩;低锶花岗岩类由二长花岗岩、正长花岗岩、碱长花岗岩和碱性花岗岩组成,二长花岗岩一正长花岗岩一碱长花岗岩也属于Ⅰ型花岗岩,碱性花岗岩为A1型花岗岩。这两类花岗岩均显示εNd(t)正值^87Sr／^86Sr低值以及较低的Nd模式年龄。高锶与低锶花岗岩类地球化学差异性表明,高锶花岗岩起源于相对亏损的幔源岩浆的分异作用,而低锶花岗岩类的源区与显生宙地壳增生时期起源于地幔的年轻地壳物质有关,即起源于富集型幔源基性岩石的部分熔融。大兴安岭中生代花岗岩与流纹岩之间地球化学相似性以及与玄武岩类的相关性表明,它们是统一的构造一岩浆体系的产物,共同制约于古亚洲洋闭合后的大陆伸展的构造环境和闭合期间壳幔相互作用形成的地幔源区。     

Respiration rates and hypoxia on the Louisiana shelf

The spatial and temporal variation in water-column respiration, estimated from enzymatic respiratory electron-transport-system activity, was measured monthly on a cross-shelf transect on the Louisiana shelf from May through October 1991. In July 1991, water-column respiration was also determined on an alongshore transect, and in situ benthic respiration and photosynthesis rates were determined at jour stations on the cross-shelf transect. Bottom waters were persistently hypoxic (O₂<2 mg 1^?1) at most stations in July and August and sporadically hypoxic at other times. Water-column respiration rates were in the same range as earlier, less extensive studies and not unusually high for coastal and estuarine waters. They were highest in summer, decreased with distance offshore and depth, and increased with temperature. Their variation with pigment and oxygen concentrations were complex functions of season and depth. Oxygen depletion below the oxycline could occur within days to months, depending on the season and location. In July, benthic respiration rates were also not unusually high in comparison with other shallow sediments, although the ratio of benthic: total (water column+benthic) respiration was high. Combined water-column and benthic respiration could deplete the bottom water oxygen in approximately 1 mo. Because the system rarely goes anoxic (defined as observing sulfide), some mechanism(s) must exist to reaerate bottom waters. Most physical mechanisms are unlikely to provide significant reaeration at this time of year. Measured benthic and conservatively estimated bottom-water photosynthesis could resupply 23% of the oxygen lost daily by respiration. Although this is too limited a dataset from which to draw conclusions about the relative importance of bottom-water and benthic respiration and photosynthesis in determining bottom-water oxygen concentrations, it does suggest that all these processes must be considered.     

Sequence of the Cenozoic Mammalian Faunas of the Linxia Basin in Gansu, China

In the Linxia Basin on the northeast margin of the Tibetan Plateau, the Cenozoic strata are very thick and well exposed. Abundant mammalian fossils are discovered in the deposits from the Late Oligocene to the Early Pleistocene. The Dzungariotherium fauna comes from the sandstones of the Jiaozigou Formation, including many representative Late Oligocene taxa. The Platybelodon fauna comes from the sandstones of the Dongxiang Formation and the conglomerates of the Laogou Formation, and its fossils are typical Middle Miocene forms, such as Hemicyon, Amphicyon, Platybelodon, Choerolophodon, Anchitherium, and Hispanotherium. The Hipparion fauna comes from the red clay of the Liushu and Hewangjia Formations, and its fossils can be distinctly divided into four levels, including three Late Miocene levels and one Early Pliocene level. In the Linxia Basin, the Hipparion fauna has the richest mammalian fossils. The Equus fauna comes from the Wucheng Loess, and it is slightly older than that of the classical Early Pl