新疆伽师强震群区基底界面结构特征

用射线分布分析法对伽师强震群区的高分辨折射地震剖面资料进行了更进一步的分析处理， 得到了伽师强震群区更完整的基底界面结构特征. 结果表明，在伽师强震群区地壳上部存在两个明显的结构界面:第一个界面的结构连续、完整，其埋深变化不大， 在2.6～3.3 km之间，为一向天山方向逐渐抬升、 近平直的倾斜界面；第二个界面的埋深变化较大， 在8.5～11.8 km之间，为古老的塔里木盆地结晶基底. 在约37 km桩号附近结晶基底有近2.5 km的深度突变， 推断可能是伽师强震群区超基底断裂所致. 以该断裂为界，结晶基底分为西南、东北两段. 每段内界面的埋深变化不大， 西南段的埋深约11.5 km， 东北段的埋深约为8.5～9.0 km，该段在从西南向东北整体抬升的背景上略有上隆，反映出在塔里木地块西北缘特殊的构造环境下上部地壳的变形特征.      

Remote sensing research issues of the National Land Use Change Program of China

In 1999, the Ministry of Land and Resources (MLR) of China launched the National Land Use Change Program especially to monitor the scale and distribution of urban expansion and the decrease in cultivated land through remote sensing technology. This Program has been carried out annually and continuously for seven years since then and played an important role in the policy-making of MLR about land management and planning. This paper gives an overview about this Program and discusses several research issues. First, the remote sensing data sources and other ancillary data used in this Program are presented. The approaches for image preprocessing, i.e. radiometric normalization, image geometric rectification and image fusion are then introduced with an emphasis on the algorithm development for image registration. Second, land use change detection technique is the most critical and complex aspect of the Program. The methodologies for change detection using either bi-temporal image pair or one existing land use map and one remotely sensed image are detailed. Third, since the data of land use changes derived from remote sensing will be operationally used for local and central government, field validation and accuracy assessment are crucial to ensure the reliability of change detection results. The strategy of field work and the resulting accuracy evaluations is presented. The land use and change information derived from remotely sensed data has wide applications for land management, including land use database updating, verification of land use planning and monitoring of national high-tech parks. Last, suggestions on how to make full use of the images and change detection result, to improve the consistency of land use classification and to develop change detection algorithms for diverse and complex remote sensing data are given.     

钻进过程孔内动态参数同步采集系统的研制

介绍了钻进过程孔内参数采集系统的组成原理,性能指标与特点,试验情况和应用前景。     

The role of anthropogenic activities in karst spring discharge volatility

The traditional hydrological time series methods tend to focus on the mean of whichever variable is analysed but neglect its time‐varying variance (i.e. assuming the variance remains constant). The variances of hydrological time series vary with time under anthropogenic influence. There is evidence that extensive well drilling and groundwater pumping can intercept groundwater run‐off and consequently induce spring discharge volatility or variance varying with time (i.e. heteroskedasticity). To investigate the time‐varying variance or heteroskedasticity of spring discharge, this paper presents a seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average with general autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (SARIMA‐GARCH) model, whose the SARIMA model is used to estimate the mean of hydrological time series, and the GARCH model estimates its time‐varying variance. The SARIMA‐GARCH model was then applied to the Xin'an Springs Basin, China, where extensive groundwater development has occurred since 1978 (e.g. the average annual groundwater pumping rates were less than 0.20 m³/s in the 1970s, reached 1.20 m³/s at the end of the 1980s, surpassed 2.0 m³/s in the 1990s and exceeded 3.0 m³/s by 2007). To identify whether human activities or natural stressors caused the heteroskedasticity of Xin'an Springs discharge, we segmented the spring discharge sequence into two periods: a predevelopment stage (i.e. 1956–1977) and a developed stage (i.e. 1978–2012), and set up the SARIMA‐GARCH model for the two stages, respectively. By comparing the models, we detected the role of human activities in spring discharge volatility. The results showed that human activities caused the heteroskedasticity of the Xin'an Spring discharge. The predicted Xin'an Springs discharge by the SARIMA‐GARCH model showed that the mean monthly spring discharge is predicted to continue to decline to 0.93 m³/s in 2013, 0.67 m³/s in 2014 and 0.73 m³/s in 2015. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Ronge-Kutta法在计算复杂构造区域地震波旅行时中的应用

采用Ronge-Kutta射线追踪法对地震勘探中几个典型地质模型的地震波射线路径和旅行时计算的实例和效果进行分析。将Ronge-Kutta射线追踪模拟的结果与程函方程计算的时距曲线结果进行对比,验证了Ronge-Kutta射线追踪法的易实现性和程函方程有限差分旅行时算法的强稳定性,表明Ronge-Kutta射线追踪法在复杂构造区域进行地震射线路径和旅行时计算时能得到较好的模拟效果。     

北京城市下垫面的非均匀性度量研究

城市下垫面非均匀性度量研究对于改进中尺度数值模式、提高城市气象预报准确率具有重要意义.基于分形布朗运动理论和Landsat-TM卫星遥感图像,估算了2011年北京典型下垫面类型个例和整个空间区域的分数维,由此来度量北京城市下垫面的非均匀性特征.研究结果显示:分数维能有效度量北京城市下垫面的非均匀程度,典型下垫面类型的分数维高低顺序为商业区 >大型居民区 >城市绿地 >农田>林地 >水体;北京六环内区域及郊区城镇地表非均匀特征明显,分数维一般在2.50以上,北京城市中心(二环内)存在一个分数维相对低值区,二环—四环之间区域分数维普遍较高,在2.70以上,五环以外分数维则不断降低,反映出北京城市下垫面非均匀性从中心向外呈低—高—低的空间分布;下垫面类型中建筑用地、绿地、未利用地、农田、林地和水体的平均分数维分别为2.71、2.62、2.55、2.38、2.30和2.28,分数维值的高低反映了城市下垫面类型的非均匀程度大小,对定量描述城市边界层参数的复杂特征具有参考意义.     

Analysis of karst aquifer spring flows with a gray system decomposition model

There are approximately 470,000 km(2) of karst aquifers that feed many large springs in North China. Turbulent flow often exists in these karst aquifers, which means that the classical ground water model based on Darcy's law cannot be applied here. Ground water data are rare for these aquifers. As a consequence, it is difficult to quantitatively investigate ground water flow in these karst systems. The purpose of this study is to develop a parsimonious model that predicts karst spring discharge using gray system theory. In this theory, a white color denotes a system that is completely characterized and a black color represents a system that is totally unknown. A gray system thus describes a complex system whose characteristics are only partially known or known with uncertainty. Using this theory, we investigated the karst spring discharge time series over different time scales. First, we identified three specific components of spring discharge: the long-term trend, periodic variation, and random fluctuation. We then used the gray system model to simulate the long-term trend and obtain periodic variation and random fluctuation components. Subsequently, we developed a predictive model for karst spring discharge. Application of the model to Liulin Springs, a representative example of karst springs in northern China, shows that the model performs well. The predicted results suggest that the Liulin Springs discharge will likely decrease over time, with small fluctuations.     

硅藻提纯方法新进展:小个体硅藻纯化的实验技术

硅藻壳体氧同位素是近年来发展起来的一种重要的古气候研究手段[1～3],硅藻的分离提纯是开展此项研究的重要一环.矿物杂质由于与硅藻壳体的氧同位素差异很大[1,4,5],对目前常用的硅藻氧同位素实验方法[1,4]获得的结果有显著影响.     

甘肃省舟曲8.7特大泥石流调查研究

本文通过对甘肃省舟曲县城后山三眼峪沟和罗家峪沟特大泥石流灾害的现场调查,从泥石流形成的地形、地质和降雨条件入手,分析了特大泥石流灾害的特征与成因:三眼峪沟和罗家峪沟泥石流形成区在2010年8月7日23～24时的1h降雨量达77.3mm,暴雨形成强大洪水依次冲毁两条沟内的天然堆石坝和人工拦挡坝,形成规模巨大的高容重黏性泥石流,泥石流冲出总量和泥沙总量分别为 144.2104m3和97.7104m3; 泥石流携带具有强大冲击力的巨石冲毁房屋5500余间; 在白龙江内形成长约550m,宽约70m,高约10m的堰塞坝并形成堰塞湖,堰塞湖回水长3km,使县城一半被淹; 泥石流造成1744人死亡和失踪。分析研究表明,三眼峪沟和罗家峪沟泥石流如果在近期遭遇强降雨还会暴发泥石流,但规模比87特大泥石流小;如果强降雨发生在数年后,暴发的泥石流规模比87特大泥石流略小;在20a或更长的时期内,没有发生新的地震影响下,在三眼峪沟和罗家峪沟经历一次大规模泥石流暴发后,泥石流的规模将回到汶川地震前的水平。     

南海礁栖海藻共附生真菌Pestalotiopsis neglecta SCSIO41 403次级代谢产物研究

研究南海礁栖腔节藻Coelarthrum sp.共附生真菌Pestalotiopsis neglecta SCSIO41403的次级代谢产物。采用中压正相柱层析色谱法和半制备高效液相色谱法, 对真菌发酵产物进行分离纯化, 制备获得6个次级代谢产物单体化合物, 使用核磁共振、质谱等波谱学方法, 结合其理化性质以及文献数据对比, 分别鉴定为: gamahorin (1)、microsporaline C (2)、7-hydroxy-5-methoxy-4,6-dimethylphthalidc (3)、demethyl nectriapyrone A (4)、4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (5)和4-hydroxyphenethyl acetate (6)。这6个化合物均为首次从该菌株发现, 其中化合物1、2、5和6是首次从海洋动植物共附生真菌中发现。抗菌活性筛选显示其中化合物3对白色念珠菌有明显抑制活性。