Vertical distribution of living mangrove foraminifera from KwaZulu-Natal,South Africa

Modern foraminiferal assemblage zones can be used to reconstruct palaeo sea levels when applied to fossil foraminifera down a sediment core. Previous intertidal foraminiferal studies have predominantly focused on assemblages in surface sediments (0–1 cm), with the rationale that surface assemblages reflect the modern-day environment. Foraminifera live infaunally and therefore there is a need to document the infaunal vertical distribution of living foraminifera to fully capture the modern environment. Infaunal foraminiferal populations may compositionally differ from or be similar to those in the uppermost 1 cm of a core sample, but abundance is variable vertically, making it very complex to reconstruct and interpret past sea levels. This can have implications for the choice of assemblages to use as modern analogues for past sea-level reconstructions. This study documents the vertical infaunal distribution of living foraminifera, to allow for more informed interpretations of palaeo-reconstructions in mangrove environments. The down-core vertical distribution and abundance of living foraminifera, along with grain size and organic content, were documented using sediment cores along an elevational transect. Nine taxa were recorded as living at the time of collection, six of which were restricted to the top 4 cm. The majority of these were calcareous and found in the cores situated closer to the intertidal channel. Therefore, we argue that the diversity of living calcareous and agglutinated foraminifera could be restricted by grain size, with coarser grain sizes associated with lower species diversity. The findings suggest that foraminiferal species inhabiting the top 4 cm represent deeper living foraminiferal populations. Therefore, the top 4-cm interval can be used to establish a modern training set upon which reconstructions can be based. The findings from this study will provide guidance on the use of South African mangrove environments for future sea-level reconstructions.     

内蒙古西拉沐伦成矿带碾子沟钼矿床成矿流体地球化学特征

碾子沟钼矿床是内蒙古西拉沐伦钼多金属成矿带中石英脉型钼矿床的典型代表,矿体以石英大脉形式产于燕山期中粗粒黑云母二长花岗岩内,受断裂构造控制。流体包裹体研究发现包裹体均为气液两相,按照相比不同,可进一步分为WL型(5%～20%)和WV型(20%～50%)。Ⅰ阶段流体为低温(89.3～245.2℃)、中低盐度(2.07%～17.96%NaCleqv)流体;Ⅱ阶段流体具有中低温(134.4～458.8℃,峰值170℃～240℃)、中低盐度(0.53%～19.92%NaCleqv)特征;Ⅲ阶段流体为低温(134.9～202.4℃)、中低盐度(4.96%～14.97%NaCleqv)流体。流体成分均以H2O为主(96.1mol%),含少量挥发份CO2、N2、CH4、C2H6、Ar、H2S,阳离子以Na+为主,阴离子以SO42-、Cl-为主,属NaCl-H2O体系。各阶段成矿热液氢、氧同位素特征为:δ18OH2O介于-5.75‰～-1.90‰、δD介于-128.821‰～-109.234‰,说明成矿流体是岩浆热液与古大气降水混合而成。开放的断裂体系为流体混合创造了条件,流体的混合作用是造成碾子沟辉钼矿沉淀成矿的主要原因。这与斑岩型钼矿床的高盐度流体以及以沸腾为主的矿石沉淀机制具有显著区别。     

The invasive Asian green mussel Perna viridis in South Africa: all that is green is not viridis

The Asian green mussel Perna viridis is an invasive Indo-Pacific species recently reported from South African harbours. To verify the invasion, a phylogenetic (and morphological) analysis of green-shelled mussels (n = 39), found in six South African harbours, was conducted using the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI). Estimates of genetic distances using the neighbour-joining analysis identified P. viridis only from Durban Harbour. All other green mussels were more than 3.2% divergent from P. viridis and were identified as green-shelled variants of indigenous P. perna. The only reliable morphological differences distinguishing the two species were the poorly developed mantle papillae and the wavy pallial line in P. viridis. The confirmed occurrence of P. viridis in a South African harbour suggests that there is a possible threat of the species becoming established and then spreading onto the open coast and competing with indigenous P. perna.     

新疆阿尔泰铁木尔特铅锌矿床流体包裹体研究及地质意义

铁木尔特中型铅锌矿是阿尔泰山南缘克兰盆地内的重要VMS型矿床。矿床赋存于上志留统-下泥盆统康布铁堡组上亚组第二岩性段,容矿岩石为大理岩、绿泥石英片岩、变钙质粉砂岩、夕卡岩。矿体呈似层状和透镜状。矿床的形成经历了喷流沉积期、叠加改造期和表生期。石英、长石、方解石和石榴子石中包裹体类型主要为液体包裹体,在石英中另出现了气体包裹体、纯气体包裹体、含子矿物多相包裹体、含液体CO2的三相包裹体和两相CO2包裹体。喷流沉积期成矿流体均一温度变化于150～330℃,其峰值是165℃和285℃,成矿流体盐度(NaCleq)为4%～16%,流体密度为0.77～0.97g/cm3,流体阳离子主要以Na+为主,次之为K+,阴离子以Cl-为主,其次是SO42-,气相成分主要是H2O和CO2。叠加改造期均一温度范围是150～480℃,峰值为285℃,盐度(NaCleq)为2.2%～17.08%和33.93%～47.2%,流体密度变化于0.61～1.03g/cm3之间,流体阳离子主要以Na+为主,次为K+、Mg2+、Ca2+,阴离子以Cl-为主,其次是SO42-,气相成分主要是H2O和CO2,其次为N2、CH4,含有少量C2H6。     

Rare earth and trace element geochemistry of a fragment of jurassic seafloor,Point Sal,California

A suite of rocks from the Point Sal ophiolite, California, were analyzed for rare earth elements (REE), Sc, Co, Na₂O, Cr, Zn and FeO. The lavas all have either flat or slightly light REE (LREE) depleted profiles relative to chondrites. The lavas contain smectite or greenschist facies mineralogy and some have radiogenically enriched ${}^{87}\text{Sr}{}^{86}\text{Sr}$ ratios. This is interpreted as evidence of basaltseawater interaction (Hopsonet al., 1975; Davis and Lass, 1975). The smectite and zeolite bearing lavas that have been exposed to seawater for prolonged periods have anomalous Ce abundances. At higher grades of metamorphism, the lavas show no marked changes in light REE. The plutonic igneous rocks vary from early cumulus dunite to late stage, noncumulus diorite. All the plutonic rocks are light REE depleted with total REE abundance varying by a factor of 100 × between the dunites and diorites. Analyses of clinopyroxene and hornblende separates indicate that these two minerals strongly influence the REE characteristics of the early cumulates and late stage fractionates, respectively.In general, REE contents are: hornblende > clinopyroxene > plagioclase > orthopyroxene > olivine. Estimates of the REE compositions of parental lavas were obtained by calculating the REE contents of liquids in equilibrium with early cumulate clinopyroxenes. This reveals that the parent to the stratiform sequence was more depleted in light REE than the parent to the lava pile.     

Major,minor, and trace element compositions of peridotitic and basaltic komatiites from the precambrian crust of Southern Africa

Major and trace element compositional data are reported for nine mafic and ultramafic rock samples from the Barberton greenstone belt. Rocks from this province are among the oldest fragments of the Earth's crust (3.5 b.y.). The data are consistent with an oceanic crust related origin for these rocks. The high abundances of Ni in these samples make their origin by fractional crystallization of a primitive magma unlikely but are consistent with their generation by partial melting of an upper mantle source. The basaltic samples from the Komati formation can be related by small degrees of partial melting of a primitive upper mantle source to the peridotitic komatiite which probably derived from much more extensive partial melting of a similar source. REE and especially Ni abundances limit the proportion of olivine that is permitted in the residue.     

内蒙古鸡冠山斑岩钼矿床成矿时代和成矿流体研究

内蒙古鸡冠山钼矿床是西拉沐伦钼成矿带上的典型斑岩矿床。矿床产于火山侵入杂岩中,矿化类型以细脉浸染状矿化为主。对矿床5件辉钼矿样品进行了铼-锇同位素分析,获得了151.1±1.3Ma的等时线年龄,表明成矿作用发生在晚侏罗世。成矿作用可划分为三个阶段:早阶段为石英-黄铁矿阶段,发育乳白色石英和粗粒浸染状黄铁矿;中阶段包括早期石英-多金属硫化物亚阶段和晚期石英-萤石-金属硫化物亚阶段;晚阶段为石英-碳酸盐细脉,穿切早、中阶段脉体和矿物组合。鸡冠山钼矿床流体包裹体岩相学研究表明,与成矿有关的包裹体主要有六种类型:富液相、富气相、含子晶多相、含CO2三相、纯CO2及纯液相包裹体。其中,早阶段以富气和富CO2包裹体为主,中阶段多种包裹体共存,晚阶段则主要为富液包裹体。冷热台显微测温和激光拉曼显微探针(LRM)成分分析结果表明,早阶段石英中原生包裹体的均一温度480℃,盐度最高66.75%NaCleqv,包裹体气相成分富含水和CO2,液相成分则以水为主,子晶矿物有石盐、黄铜矿以及指示氧化条件的赤铁矿等,同时也说明成矿流体是富含成矿金属元素的。中阶段早期石英中的流体包裹体均一温度为320～480℃,晚期石英和萤石中的流体包裹体的均一温度为180～320℃。中阶段流体盐度介于4.65%～56.76%NaCleqv。中阶段包裹体含石盐、方解石、黄铜矿、赤铁矿等子矿物,富气相、富液相与含子晶多相包裹体共存,且具有相近的均一温度,而盐度相差悬殊,指示流体发生了沸腾。晚阶段流体的温度降低至100～180℃,盐度则低于10.86%NaCleqv,流体包裹体成分主要为水。鸡冠山钼矿成矿流体演化从早至晚为:从早阶段高温、高盐度、高氧逸度、富CO2、富成矿物质以岩浆热液为主成矿流体,演化至晚期低温、低盐度、无子晶、贫CO2、以大气降水为主的流体。沸腾作用是鸡冠山钼矿形成的重要机制。     

西秦岭勉略带陆内构造变形研究

秦岭造山带勉略缝合带是古特提斯洋盆向北俯冲形成的华北与华南最后拼接带。这个主缝合带俯冲-碰撞过程中以由北向南的一系列韧性逆冲推覆构造为特征,形成由前泥盆系、泥盆-石炭系和蛇绿混杂岩等不同构造岩片叠置的复杂构造带,碰撞时代从245Ma一直延续到230Ma左右。最近,作者对勉略缝合带内发育的韧性和脆性左行走滑剪切变形进行了研究,结果表明这些顺造山带的左行韧性走滑剪切变形带的变形时代为223±2Ma,与碰撞后花岗岩所确定的碰撞后构造环境的起始时间(225Ma)一致,显示这些韧性走滑剪切变形带是勉略带陆内变形初期变形产物。亦即华北、扬子大陆碰撞之后很快就转入陆内变形阶段,并且是以顺造山带的侧向走滑位移为主要变形方式。勉略带内顺造山带的脆性左行走滑断层的发育,表明这种顺造山带的侧向位移过程从深部到地壳浅层是一致的。因此,大陆碰撞在直接碰撞之后很快转变为顺造山带的侧向走滑位移为主的陆内变形,这种位移可能表现为两个大陆碰撞后的相对走滑,或是碰撞带中强烈变形部分顺造山带的侧向挤出,从而消减了正向碰撞所造成的地壳缩短和增厚。