水体氮、磷营养盐水平对蓝藻优势形成的影响

以江苏省南京市富营养化程度不同的清溪、护城河、玄武湖、月牙湖、琵琶湖和前湖为研究对象,调查各水体浮游植物的群落特征和优势种,并结合藻类生长潜力试验,探究不同氮、磷营养水平的自然水体对铜绿微囊藻（Microcystis aeruginosa）和斜生栅藻（Scenedesmus obliquus）生长与竞争的影响.野外调查发现不同营养水平水体浮游植物优势种不同,按水体富营养化程度从高到底依次以绿藻、蓝藻、硅藻和隐藻分别占优势.单一藻种培养时,铜绿微囊藻在清溪、护城河和玄武湖水体中生长均较好,而斜生栅藻仅在高氮、磷浓度的清溪和护城河水体中有较大生长量,说明斜生栅藻对氮、磷的需求高于铜绿微囊藻;两种藻共培养时,清溪水体中斜生栅藻占优势,护城河和玄武湖水体中铜绿微囊藻占优势,但其他水体中两种藻均不能生长,说明氮、磷浓度过高或过低都不利于蓝藻形成优势.对低营养水平的玄武湖、琵琶湖、月牙湖和前湖水体进行氮、磷加富后,两种藻均能较好地生长,且各组没有显著差异,说明藻类在这些水体中生长受到氮、磷的限制,氮、磷浓度升高会增加水华发生的风险.本研究将野外调查和藻类生长潜力实验相结合,深入探究了蓝藻优势形成与水体氮、磷营养水平的关系,揭示了蓝藻水华是湖泊富营养化发展到特定阶段的产物,水体氮、磷浓度过高或过低均不易产生蓝藻优势.     

太湖梅梁湾中碱性磷酸酶的活性及其与藻类生长的关系

通过对1998年5月-1999年5月的太湖梅梁湾水体中碱性磷酸酶活性及其它水化学因子的同步实地监测,初步探讨了富营养化较严重的太湖梅梁湾湖区的碱性磷酸酶活性的时空变化规律及其与藻类水华的相关性.研究表明,水体中各种形态磷之间的转化非常快.在磷的循环、转化过程中,碱性磷酸酶的作用至关重要.太湖梅梁湾各采样点水体中碱性磷酸酶的最大反应速率(Vmax)的年际变化有着显著的规律性,各点位在春季(3-4月)及夏季(7-8月)均分别出现峰值,与水体中水华出现的峰值相吻合.尤其在水体中水华暴发前的4月份,各采样点中的碱性磷酸酶的活性急剧增加,其Vmax均为年内的最大值或接近最大值,预示着水体中其它形态磷的转化速率加快,为水华的形成提供了充足的活性磷.水体中特异性碱性磷酸酶活性(总碱性磷酸酶活性/Chl.a)与水体中的PO43-存在着较好的负相关.尤其是在春季相关性更加显著,可达-0.9以上;夏季太湖梅梁湾水华暴发时,水体中的磷酸盐浓度远低于碱性磷酸酶的激发阈值,藻类体中的酶被诱导大量产生,从而使得水体中碱性磷酸酶的数量、活性急剧增加,达到较高的水平.这种短时间的有机质快速降解以及由此导致的营养盐释放,维持了水体中藻类的生长.     

Evaluation of the Climatic Change Impacts on the Inland Lake – A Case Study of Lake Qinghai, China

A catchment model coupled with a lake thermal model has been used to simulate the lake water balance of Lake Qinghai, a large inland lake on the northeast Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China. The sensitivity analyses show that changes in precipitation will produce larger changes in runoff than temperature and cloudiness, whereas changes in lake level are equally sensitive to changes in temperature and precipitation. With a doubling of CO₂ in the atmosphere, four GCMs experiments predict warmer and wetter conditions in the Qinghai region than at present. The total runoff in the lake basin and evaporation will, in most cases, increase as conditions become warmer and wetter. The lake level changes would remain uncertain because the effects of an increase in precipitation are countered by the rise of temperature.     

太湖生态与环境若干问题的研究进展及其展望

本文着重就太湖水动力及其生态环境效应、太湖沉积物及其内源污染问题和太湖生态系统结构与功能及其蓝藻水华等热点问题近十年来的研究进展进行了回顾.在水动力及其生态环境效应方面,初步摸索出一套适合太湖这样大型浅水湖泊的研究方法,即通过沉积物悬浮过程的研究,把风浪与水体光照透明度、内源释放、水土界面的氧化还原环境等过程和要素联系起来,获得了太湖理化要素随深度变化的内部结构特征,确立了三维水动力模拟模型在太湖应用中的必要性.建立了太湖光照和透明度与悬浮物的关系,及基于悬浮物浓度的太朔初级生产力计算模型.在太湖沉积物与内源污染问题上,初步弄清了太湖沉积物分布与污染物质分布的特征,太湖沉积物悬浮的动力作用的来源与大小.太湖水动力对内源释放的影响,进一步提出了适于太湖内源污染控制的判断方法.对于太湖生态系统结构与功能及其蓝藻水华问题,在蓝藻水华爆发过程假设的基础上,进一步通过营养盐阈值、休眠孢子复苏等方面对此进行了完善.研究还发现了富营养化导致生态系统退化,生物趋于小型化且多样性下降的现象,营养盐循环速率加快,加重水体富营养化程度.进一步通过附着生物的研究,揭示了富营养化导致草型生态系统向藻型生态系统转化的原因.在此基础上,提出了生态恢复应该首先降低营养盐负荷、其次才是生态恢复的新观念,以及湖泊治理必须先控源截污、后生态恢复的新思路.最后,就这几个方面的进一步发展做出了展望.     

青海湖水文特征及水位下降原因分析

青海湖自有记载以来,湖水位一直处于下降之中。通过分析流域内的各项水文因子的特征及湖泊水量平衡,看出流域内降水有逐步变小的趋势;湖泊长期处于水量收支负平衡中,致使湖水水位下降。降水变小及湖水位下降又改变了流域水文环境,使径流变小、径流系数下降。通过进一步分析发现,青海湖对降水变化的敏感性要大于其它因子的变化。     

Alkaline phosphatase activity and the phosphorus mineralization rate of Lake Taihu

The phosphorus fractions, the alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) and other water chemical parameters were concomitantly monitored from April 2003 to October 2004 in different eco-type sites of Lake Taihu. During the stages of algae growth, the phosphorus fractions and their relationships with APA in different ecotype sites were discussed and the phosphorus mineralization rate was calculated. In the water of Lake Taihu, most of the phosphorus (70.2%) could be attributed to the suspended particulate phosphorus, while the dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) seems to contribute less than 7%. About 58% of the total phosphorus, however, can be hydrolyzed as inorganic phosphate to compensate for phosphorus deficiency of algae and bacteria growth. During the different algae growth stages, the APA and its Kinetic parameters were varied significantly between different ecotype sites of Lake Taihu. This trend is also visible by comparing the phosphorus mineralization rate, and the most rapidly phosphorus turnover time is only several minutes. The fast recycle of phosphorus can, to some extent, be explained that the phosphorus source of algal blooms. The phytoplankton seems to compensate for phosphorus deficiency by using the alkaline phosphatase to hydrolyze phosphomonoesters.     

煤矿空洞型采空区高浓度浆液充填扩展机制及控制措施

高浓度浆液在采空区内的充填扩展机制及控制措施是空洞型采空区充填治理需要解决的难题之一。基于此,结合高浓度浆液输送及流变学理论,构建高浓度浆液充填过程模型,揭示其扩展机制,研究充填扩展过程的动力及阻力计算方法,确定充填堆积体形态主要影响因素及控制方法,并通过室外充填试验验证理论成果。结果表明：高浓度浆液充填阻力计算值与实验值相对误差约为5%;浆液的流变参数屈服应力及黏度与管道输送阻力成正比;凝结特性影响浆液堆积体强度增长趋势,凝结过程使浆液在堆积体与顶板间流动时阻力增大;当充填材料及流量不变时,管道输送沿程阻力主要受管道直径及长度影响;局部阻力与管道直径、弯头、变径形式及数量相关,数量越多局部阻力越大;浆液性质、充填路径及注浆工艺是影响充填堆积体形态的主要因素,缩短充填距离、减少管道变径及弯头数量、降低浆液屈服应力及黏度、增大注浆流量及压力有助于浆液扩展至更大范围,反之可使浆液扩展范围减小。成果为空洞型采空区高浓度浆液控制性充填提供依据。     

论保水采煤技术体系

煤矿采煤工作面顶板烧变岩涌(失)水高效治理需要具有压缩韧性优良的注浆加固材料。硅酸盐水泥基注浆材料成本低,已在煤矿注浆加固中广泛应用,但存在硬化浆体变形韧性较差的问题。采用丙烯酰胺(AM)原位聚合增韧的方法,研究丙烯酰胺、交联剂、引发剂的掺量和水灰比对粉煤灰基注浆材料的凝结时间、溶胀性、抗压强度、韧性指数的影响,并采用SEM观测硬化浆体的微观结构。结果表明,丙烯酰胺可以在粉煤灰浆液中原位聚合生成聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)凝胶;当AM掺量为25.0%,交联剂掺量为0.75%,引发剂掺量为2.25%,水灰比为0.575时,材料抗压变形率大于60%,溶胀比达到113.43,韧性指数达到257.92%;通过SEM观测发现,注浆材料硬化浆体形成以粉煤灰颗粒为刚性骨架、聚丙烯酰胺凝胶为柔性网络的无机有机镶嵌网络结构,硬化浆体的压缩应力−应变曲线的变形率普遍大于40%,具有显著的塑性变形特征;工程实验结果显示最大抗折韧性变形率可达到25.86%。该注浆材料具有优异的韧性、流动性及较好的遇水膨胀性,可用于煤矿顶板渗漏水治理。

     

Advance and application of lake optics research

The mainstreams of lake optics research in recent decades include optical properties of lakewater,observation, transmission and calculation of underwater radiation, determination of absorption coefficient S of yellow substance, influence of UV-B radiation of lake primary productivity by bio-optical model. Major lake optics applications, such as calculation of lake primary productivity and chl-a, analysis of factors restricting eutrophication, and protection against lake eutrophication are summarized.     

The nutrient forms,cycling and exchange flux in the sediment and overlying water system in lakes from the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River

The 213 m ice core from the Puruogangri Ice Field on the Tibetan Plateau facilitates the study of the regional temperature changes with its δ ¹⁸O record of the past 100 years. Here we combine information from this core with that from the Dasuopu ice core (from the southern Tibetan Plateau), the Guliya ice core (from the northwestern Plateau) and the Dunde ice core (from the north-eastern Plateau) to learn about the regional differences in temperature change across the Tibetan Plateau. The δ ¹⁸O changes vary with region on the Plateau, the variations being especially large between South and North and between East and West. Moreover, these four ice cores present increasing δ ¹⁸O trends, indicating warming on the Tibetan Plateau over the past 100 years. A comparative study of Northern Hemisphere (NH) temperature changes, the δ ¹⁸O-reflected temperature changes on the Plateau, and available meteorological records show consistent trends in overall warming during the past 100 years.