The nutrient forms,cycling and exchange flux in the sediment and overlying water system in lakes from the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River

The 213 m ice core from the Puruogangri Ice Field on the Tibetan Plateau facilitates the study of the regional temperature changes with its δ ¹⁸O record of the past 100 years. Here we combine information from this core with that from the Dasuopu ice core (from the southern Tibetan Plateau), the Guliya ice core (from the northwestern Plateau) and the Dunde ice core (from the north-eastern Plateau) to learn about the regional differences in temperature change across the Tibetan Plateau. The δ ¹⁸O changes vary with region on the Plateau, the variations being especially large between South and North and between East and West. Moreover, these four ice cores present increasing δ ¹⁸O trends, indicating warming on the Tibetan Plateau over the past 100 years. A comparative study of Northern Hemisphere (NH) temperature changes, the δ ¹⁸O-reflected temperature changes on the Plateau, and available meteorological records show consistent trends in overall warming during the past 100 years.     

南京地区近40年来太阳辐射变化

The data utilized in this analysis consisted of extraterrestrial radiation,global radiation,diffuse radiation,total cloud cover and relative sunshine.The annual variations and trend were analyzed for monthly mean daily total global,direct,and diffuse radiation on a horizontal surface and for the relations between global,direct,diffuse radiation and relative sunshine,total cloud cover.The climatlolgical calculation equations of global and direct radiation are put forward.The results show that global and direct radiations are characterized by decrease and diffuse radiation by increase.The main causes are due to the increase of concentration of suspended particles and atmospheric turbidities rather than cloud cover variations.     

太湖梅梁湾春季浮游植物初级生产力

用黑白瓶测氧法对梅梁湾春季浮游植物初级生产力的变化特征进行研究,探讨了初级生产力的日变化、垂直变化、区域分布、浮游植物现存量与初级生产力的关系以及不同曝光时间对P-I曲线的影响.结果表明,梅梁湾浮游植物初级生产力存在明显的日变化,最大值出现在10:00-14:00;初级生产力在梅梁湾分布呈现为从湾内向湾口逐渐递减的趋势;除表层水受光抑制影响使其生产力相对较低外,初级生产力随水深的增加而降低;初级生产力与叶绿素a存在显著的正相关,用水柱层平均叶绿素a浓度来估算初级生产力比用表层叶绿素a浓度来估算要更为精确;短的曝光时间往往带来高的初级生产力和同化系数.     

贫、富营养湖泊中苦草的形态解剖结构比较

比较了生长于贫营养的大溪水库(江苏)和富营养的太湖梅梁湾苦草的根系形态性状特征和叶片与匍匐苇的解剖结构差异,结果表明:生长于贫营养状态的大溪水库中的苦草根系形态性状的总根长、表面积、截面积、体积、平均直径和总分叉数等特征参数都显著高于生长于富营养状态的太湖梅梁湾的苦草.大溪水库的苦草叶片表面光洁,受附着生物影响明显较来...     

Nutrient fluxes induced by disturbance in Meiliang Bay of Lake Taihu

A wave flume experiment was conducted to study nutrient fluxes at water-sediment interface of Meiliang Bay under different hydrodynamic conditions. The results reveal that hydrodynamics has remarkable effects on nutrient fluxes in this area. With a bottom wave stress of 0.019 N m-2 (equivalent to disturbance caused by wind SE 5-7 m s-1 at the sediment sample site of Meiliang Bay), the fluxes of TN, TDN and NH4+-N were separately 1.92× 10-3, -1.81 × 10-4 and 5.28× 10-4 mg m-2 s-1(positive for upward and negative for downward), but for TP, TDP and SRP, the fluxes were 5.69 × 10-4, 1.68 × 10-4 and -1.29 × 10-4 mgm-2 s-1. In order to calculate the released amount of nutrients based on these results, statistic analysis on the long-term meteorological data was conducted.The result shows that the maximum lasting time for wind SE 5-7 m s-1 in this area is about 15 h in summer. Further calculation shows that 111 t TN, 32 t NH4+-N, 34 t TP and 10 t TDP can be released into water (the sediment area was 47.45% of the whole surface area), resulting in concentration increase of 0.025, 0.007, 0.007 and 0.002 mg L-1 separately. With stronger disturbance (bottom wave stress is 0.217 N m-2 which is equivalent to disturbance caused by wind SE 10-11 m s-1 at the same site), there has been significant increase of nutrient fluxes (1.16× 10-2, 6.76×10-3, 1.14× 10-2 and 2.14× 10-3 mgm-2 s-1 for TN, DTN and NH4+-N and TP). The exceptions were TDP with flux having a decrease (measured to be 9.54× 10-5 mgm-2 s-1 ) and SRP with flux having a small increase (measured to be 5.42 × 10-5 mgm-2 s-1). The same statistic analysis on meteorological data reveal that the maximum lasting time for wind SE 10-11 m s-1 is no more than 5 h. Based on the nutrient fluxes and the wind lasting-time, similar calculations were also made suggesting that 232 t TN, 134.9 t TDN, 228 t NH4+-N, 42.7 t TP, 2.0 t TDP and 1.1 t SRP will be released from sediment at this hydrodynamic condition resulting in the concentration increases of 0.050, 0.029, 0.049, 0.009, 0.0004 and 0.0002 mg L-1. Therefore in shallow lakes, surface disturbance can lead to significant increase of nutrient concentrations although some components in water column had negative flux with weak disturbance (e.g. TDN and SRP in this experiment). In this case, sediment looks to be a source of nutrients. These nutrients deposited in sediment can be carried or released into water with sediment resuspension or changes of environmental conditions at water-sediment interface, which can have great effects on aquatic ecosystem and is also the characteristics of shallow lakes.     

Advance and application of lake optics research

The mainstreams of lake optics research in recent decades include optical properties of lakewater,observation, transmission and calculation of underwater radiation, determination of absorption coefficient S of yellow substance, influence of UV-B radiation of lake primary productivity by bio-optical model. Major lake optics applications, such as calculation of lake primary productivity and chl-a, analysis of factors restricting eutrophication, and protection against lake eutrophication are summarized.     

浅水湖泊生态系统恢复的理论与实践思考

随着我国湖泊生态环境越来越严峻,湖泊生态恢复也逐渐被人们所重视．实际上,湖泊生态恢复应该是一项系统工程、是通过一定程度地减缓或改善环境压力,结合某种或多种水生生物的种养措施,逐步使得生态系统向良性的或者是被改变前的状态发展,目前．湖泊生态恢复不是被单纯地理解为种草、养鱼等,就是被解释为生物群落的人为搭配或镶嵌．由于这种认识上的偏差,导致湖泊治理中有关生态修复的实践长期以来鲜有成功的实例．最后、以太湖为例,给出了湖泊局部水体生态修复达致净化水质的技术思路——通过改善环境来恢复水生植物,通过水生植物恢复来引导乍态系统向草型湖泊转变,通过水生系统恢复达到改善水质的目的．这种思路能否成功用于指导湖泊水生植物与生态系统恢复、还有待于进一步实践的检验．     

综合营养状态指数(TLI)在夏季长江中下游湖库评价中的局限及改进意见

综合营养状态指数(TLI)在中国湖库富营养化评价中应用非常广泛.对于该指数的各分项指标,基于叶绿素a的评估结果是富营养化风险的直接体现,是最终指示;而基于理化指标(总氮、总磷、透明度和高锰酸盐指数)的评估结果是间接指示.如果两者TLI评估结果存在显著差异,则说明基于理化参数的TLI评估结果低估或者高估了实际富营养化水平和相关风险.本文针对长江中下游湖库的基于水质理化指标和基于叶绿素a的TLI结果是否匹配的问题开展了调查分析.结果表明,对于非通江浅水湖泊而言,基于总氮、总磷、高锰酸盐指数的TLI评估结果均低估了富营养化水平和相关风险;对于通江浅水湖泊而言,基于总氮、总磷和透明度的TLI评估结果高估了富营养化水平和相关风险,而基于高锰酸盐指数的结果低估了富营养化水平;对于深水水库,基于总氮的TLI指数评估结果高估了富营养化水平,而基于总磷、透明度和高锰酸盐指数的结果低估了富营养化水平.上述水质理化指标和叶绿素a评估结果不匹配的原因为以下两点:第一,部分物理化学指标失去了对富营养化风险(叶绿素a)的指示意义,如通江浅水湖泊的总氮、总磷、透明度和高锰酸盐指数以及深水湖泊的总氮;第二,部分富营养化理化指标和叶绿素a原有关系发生错位,比如对于深水湖泊总磷对叶绿素a的响应比TLI指数构建所采用的关系更加敏感.针对TLI理化指标评估在长江中下游湖库应用中存在的问题提出如下改进建议:1)结合长时间序列历史数据,基于分位数回归等方法构建特定湖泊的叶绿素a和理化参数的响应关系,开发“一湖一策”的评估公式;2)根据换水周期和湖泊面积水深比对进行湖泊分类,建立特定湖泊类型的叶绿素a和理化参数的响应关系,构建“一类一策”的评估公式;3)在富营养化评估结果中应分别量化富营养化状态参数(营养盐水平)和富营养化风险参数(叶绿素a)以及两者比值,但生物指标是富营养化评估的最终指示.现阶段我国富营养化评价和管理多为“全国一策”,可能很难满足经济高效的管理需求.因此,本研究所建议和综述的“一类一策”和“一湖一策”的湖泊富营养化评估方法对未来的湖泊生态管理可能具有重要意义.     

长江经济带景观格局动态演变及其景观生态环境效应

利用2000年、2010年、2020年3期土地利用遥感监测数据,通过景观格局指数、区域生态环境质量指数定量探究长江经济带土地景观格局的时空变化特征及其生态环境响应。研究表明：① 长江经济带上、中、下游区域的林地、草地等生态用地与人造地表的分布存在空间错位,生态用地主要转为耕地和人造地表;② 景观层级上,斑块的聚合度降低、破碎化程度加剧、多样性程度有所增加,类型层级上,耕地的破碎化程度增加,人造地表在空间上的连接度加强,趋于规模发展;③ 2000—2020年,经济带生态环境质量改善和恶化并存的特征弱化了整体生态质量的时间变异性,生态环境质量指数的低值区与长江经济带三大城市群的分布存在空间布局相似性;④区域土地资源供给与发展水平的空间错位、土地利用主导功能转型下的生态变化、人口虹吸效应、产业结构等影响长江经济带生态环境的空间分布。     

太湖无锡地区近40a来日照的变化特征分析

利用无锡站1961—2000年日照时数、日照百分率、总云量及低云量资料，对太湖无锡地区近40a来日照的变化特征进行分析，阐述了其年变化及多年变化特征，分析了日照时数与日照百分率、总云量、低云量之间的关系。结果表明：日照时数呈减少趋势，年日照时数的减少幅度为99．72h／10d，其中又以夏、秋季减少最快；日照时数年内变化为夏秋季大、冬春季小；日照时数与日照百分率变化趋势不完全相同；日照时数与总云量、低云量呈负相关；年日照时数存在突变现象。