Radiative forcing over China due to albedo change caused by land cover change during 1990–2010

Land cover change affects surface radiation budget and energy balance by chang- ing surface albedo and further impacts the regional and global climate. In this article, high spatial and temporal resolution satellite products were used to analyze the driving mechanism for surface albedo change caused by land cover change during 1990-2010. In addition, the annual-scale radiative forcing caused by surface albedo changes in China＇s 50 ecological regions were calculated to reveal the biophysical mechanisms of land cover change affecting climate change at regional scale. Our results showed that the national land cover changes were mainly caused by land reclamation, grassland desertification and urbanization in past 20 years, which were almost induced by anthropogenic activities. Grassland and forest area decreased by 0.60% and 0.11%, respectively. The area of urban and farmland increased by 0.60% and 0.19%, respectively. The mean radiative forcing caused by land cover changes during 1990-2010 was 0.062 W/m2 in China, indicating a warming climate effect. However, spatial heterogeneity of radiative forcing was huge among different ecological regions. Farmland conversing to urban construction land, the main type of land cover change for the urban and suburban agricultural ecological region in Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan region, caused an albedo reduction by 0.00456 and a maximum positive radiative forcing of 0.863 WIm2, which was presented as warming climate effects. Grassland and forest conversing to farmland, the main type of land cover change for the temperate humid agricultural and wetland ecological region in Sanjiang Plain, caused an albedo increase by 0.00152 and a maximum negative radiative forcing of 0.184 W/m2, implying cooling climate effects.     

欧亚大陆中北部末次盛冰期以来的湖泊水位变化及其古气候指示意义

湖泊水位高低通常能有效地指示湖盆内湿润条件的变化,进而反映区域有效降水（降水—蒸发）变化,成为重建第四纪古气候演变的重要指标之一。通过对苏联和蒙古国古湖泊数据库以及中国晚第四纪古湖泊数据库中149个湖泊水位变化资料的梳理总结,探讨了末次盛冰期（18 cal. ka BP）以来该地区干湿变化规律及区域分异。根据研究区气候特征、地理位置及已有研究成果将其分为东欧湖泊区、中东亚干旱区和中国北方季风区三大湖区。根据不同水位记录在整个湖泊历史中出现的频率,采用3级重新分类区分出高、中、低3级水量,并把每个湖泊数字化的3级古水量表示成与现代的差值,得到每个湖泊样点每千年时间间隔内相对现代的5级水量变化（很湿润、湿润、无变化、干旱和很干旱）。结果表明,三大湖区末次盛冰期以来可能经历了不同的干湿变化过程：东欧地区湖泊水量记录在晚冰期之前较少,至全新世逐渐增多,且基本表现为早全新世干旱、中晚全新世相对湿润的状况。中东亚干旱区整体呈现出末次盛冰期至中全新世均较湿润而晚全新世干旱的气候状况,但区域内部不同湖泊在起讫时间和强度上存在显著差异。中国北方季风区的湿润期主要发生在早中全新世,但是不同湖泊有所不同。对比分析显示,早全新世时东欧地区东部气候随着斯堪的那维亚冰流的逐渐消退而逐渐变湿润,中全新世由于夏季北欧反气旋东翼的气旋气流增强而达到最湿润状态,西部地区早全新世由于强劲的西伯利亚热高压存在而整体偏干旱,中全新世由于夏季亚洲季风的渗透而转为湿润。中东亚干旱区冰期内的湿润条件可能主要与西风带降水及低温低蒸发有关,而全新世则可能主要与夏季风深入内陆导致降水增加有关。中国北方季风区全新世湿度变化可能主要受东亚季风控制。     

河西走廊西段戈壁灌木群落多样性及其分布格局研究

通过野外样方调查河西走廊西段荒漠戈壁典型灌木群落多样性状况,研究探讨了8种典型灌木群落物种多样性的空间分布格局及其与地理因子的关系,对荒漠戈壁植物群落的多样性的保护和可持续发展具有重要意义。结果表明:(1) 8个典型灌木群落Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、Margalef指数和Pielou指数从高到低为:盐爪爪群落>麻黄群落>合头草群落>红砂群落>梭梭群落>泡泡刺群落>多枝柽柳群落>沙拐枣群落;波动范围分别为0.314～1.355、0.179～0.666、0.334～1.222和0.051～0.218,说明荒漠戈壁灌木群落物种多样性指数偏低,群落结构简单,物种组成稀少。(2)不同灌木群落内物种数越多,群落间Jaccard相似性系数越大。大部分灌木群落类型间Jaccard相似性在0.20～0.60之间,群落间相似水平较低,群落相对稳定。(3)随着海拔的升高,Margalef指数、Pielou指数和Shannon-Wiener指数均呈先增加后降低的单峰型分布格局,最大值出现在海拔2 000 m,且与海拔显著相关(P<0....     

树轮稳定同位素记录:进展、问题及展望

树轮稳定同位素比率(δ13 C、δ18O 和δD)变化与树木生长季的气候和环境条件密切相关。控制实验表明, 树轮稳定同位素比率变化可较好地记录树木叶片气孔活动、水分来源、水分利用效率等相关信息, 已成为古气候和全球变化生态学研究的重要代用指标和手段之一。树轮稳定同位素记录能够较好地保留低频气候环境变化信息, 与年轮宽度相结合, 可有效地进行区域古气候重建和全球变化生态学方面的研究。文章综述了树轮稳定同位素的分馏机理及其发展, 系统阐述和评价了利用树轮稳定同位素指标进行古气候和古环境的相关研究成果, 并指出树轮稳定同位素研究在中国未来亟须着重发展的方向。     

施肥对新垦绿洲风沙土肥力及碳积累的影响

利用2005年安排在临泽边缘绿洲沙地农田的长期施肥定位试验,研究不同用量有机肥、化肥、有机肥和化肥配施对绿洲沙地土壤肥力及有机碳积累的影响。试验包括高量有机肥单施(M3),氮磷化肥单施(NP3),低、中、高量氮磷钾化肥单施(NPK1,NPK2,NPK3),及低、中、高量氮磷钾化肥配施高、中、低量有机肥9个处理(NPK1M3,NPK2M2,NPK3M1),测定分析10年后不同施肥处理耕层(0~20 cm)土壤物理化学性状特征及有机碳动态。结果表明:施有机肥及有机无机配施处理较单施化肥处理容重下降0.13 g·cm^-3,田间持水量提高6.7%,单施有机肥、有机无机配施较单施化肥,土壤有机碳(SOC)和全氮含量分别提高64.8%、36.3%和64.9%、49.5%。高量施用氮磷化肥和氮磷钾化肥处理全磷含量最高,有机肥及有机无机配施较单施化肥有效氮含量显著增加,有机无机配施及高量施用磷肥土壤有效磷积累明显,高量施用有机肥能显著提升有效钾含量。连续施肥处理10年后,SOC含量提高了1.68~2.84倍,土壤全氮、全磷、碱解氮及有效磷均有一定程度的提高,但单施化肥及有机肥与氮磷化肥配施有效钾含量下降。SOC的积累速率单施化肥、有机无机配施、单施有机肥处理分别为0.27、0.59,0.87 g·kg^-1·a^-1。增施有机肥、适量减少化肥投入、氮磷钾化肥的平衡施用是绿洲沙地农田土壤肥力持续提升的施肥管理对策。     

Perceptions of climate change in China: The research and policy connection

Global climate change has evolved from a scientific problem into an economic and political problem oI worlOwloe rater- est. National perspectives play a crucial role in addressing climate change. Mutual understanding of perspectives is nec- essary to result in rational policies and a consensus among stakeholders with divergent interests. Conceptual frameworks for understanding the problem of climate change in China, the largest developing country and the largest greenhouse gas emitter, are of great significance to national and international efforts to address the problems of climate change. Chinese perceptions of climate change as a sustainable development problem have recently been in tension with an emerging Western perspective that frames climate change as a security issue. This paper explores Chinese perceptions of climate change as expressed in recent governmental policy statements, public opinion surveys, and academic scholarship with a focus on publications in Chinese-language journals, often unfamiliar in the West. It looks at the relationship between Chinese research and policy and finds that the Chinese policy frame of climate change as a sustainable development problem draws from the body of domestic research and is reflective of the perspectives and multidisciplinary approach of Chinese researchers in areas of climate change.     

基于遥感和GIS的城市水体缓解热岛效应的研究——以东莞市为例

以Landsat5TM遥感影像为数据源,研究水面积比例和地表温度的关系,发现水面积比例和地表温度存在较高的线性负相关,其相关系数为﹣0.72;进一步采用空间分析方法,对比河流两岸不同距离内的城市用地温度,揭示了水体缓解城市内部热环境效应的有效范围,定量探讨了河流宽度差异引起的缓解差异.结果表明,河流对城市热环境有一定的缓解作用,有效范围约200 m左右,河流越宽,缓解能力相对越强.     

建立特殊条件下导向钻孔轨迹跟踪和控制的数学模型

建立了在特殊场地条件下,利用雷达探测仪对非开挖钻孔轨迹跟踪和控制的数学模型。在工程实践中,结合计算机技术,利用这个数学模型提供的方法,可以更有效地对非开挖导向钻孔轨迹进行跟踪和控制。     

A density-based approach for detecting network-constrained clusters in spatial point events

Existing spatial clustering methods primarily focus on points distributed in planar space. However, occurrence locations and background processes of most human mobility events within cities are constrained by the road network space. Here we describe a density-based clustering approach for objectively detecting clusters in network-constrained point events. First, the network-constrained Delaunay triangulation is constructed to facilitate the measurement of network distances between points. Then, a combination of network kernel density estimation and potential entropy is executed to determine the optimal neighbourhood size. Furthermore, all network-constrained events are tested under a null hypothesis to statistically identify core points with significantly high densities. Finally, spatial clusters can be formed by expanding from the identified core points. Experimental comparisons performed on the origin and destination points of taxis in Beijing demonstrate that the proposed method can ascertain network-constrained clusters precisely and significantly. The resulting time-dependent patterns of clusters will be informative for taxi route selections in the future.     

The application and comparison of several flux profile relations in CoLM

This paper discusses the important role that flux profile relations play in momentum flux, sensible heat flux, and latent heat flux simulations in CoLM （Common Land Model） and compares the application of three flux profile relation schemes in CoLM by means of the Loess Plateau Land-Atmosphere Interaction Pilot Experiment （LOPEX） of 2005. It reveals that the results simulated by the model barely changed in the original flux profile schemes of the models a~er eliminating the very stable condition and the very unstable condition, and there were only tiny changes in numerical values. This indicates that the corrected terms added to fm（ξm）,fh（ξh） were very tiny and can be ignored under very stable and very unstable circumstances. According to a comparison of the three flux profile relations, the simulation results were basically coherent by using any CoLM： the correlation coefficient of the simulation value and the observed value was 0.89, and this bears on the coherence with the numerical procedures for the flux pro- file relations under unstable circumstances. The simulation results were improved considerably by utilizing the Lobocki flux pro- file schemes, which numerical procedures under unstable circumstances differed significantly fi＇om other three flux profile schemes; in this case the correlation coefficient of the value of simulation and the observed value became 0.95. In the next itera- tion of this study, it will be of great importance for the development of the land surface process model to continue experimenting with the application of some novel flux profile schemes in the land surface process models in typical regions.