黑龙江伊春红星地区碱性花岗岩的地球化学及其构造指示意义

黑龙江省伊春红星地区大地构造上位于布列亚-佳木斯地块和张广才岭造山带结合部位,区内出露晚三叠世碱性花岗岩,其岩石组合为正长花岗岩、碱长花岗岩、含钠闪石、霓石碱性花岗岩。地球化学上,该套岩石具有富硅、富碱,铁镁比值较高,CaO、MgO含量低,富含F、Zr、Nb、Ce、Ga、稀土元素（REE）、Y和Zn等元素,贫Sr、P、Ti,镓铝比值高,轻重稀土分馏显著,具有强的Eu负异常等特点。在花岗岩成因类型判别图解中,它们均投影在A型花岗岩区,结合岩石具有过碱和相对贫铝的化学组成特征,表明它们应属过碱性A型花岗岩。在微量元素蛛网图上,这套岩石表现出较明显的Ba、Sr、P、Ti的负异常,保留有先期“弧”岩浆作用的地球化学印记,其Y／Nb和Y／Ta比值也较高,分别为1．55—3.27和13．5～44．00,在A型花岗岩岩石学亚类判别图解中,它们均投影在产于后造山环境的A2花岗岩区。根据对岩石地球化学的组成及产出地质背景的分析,表明这套岩石应形成于造山期后的张性构造环境。     

An overview of socio-economic and ecological perspectives of Fiji's inshore reef fisheries

This paper reviews the socio-economic and ecological context of Fijian reef fisheries. This review is deemed necessary because improved understanding of the state and trends of Fiji's coral reef fisheries on a national level is required for designing an effective management plan for Fiji's inshore reef fisheries. The most important point that emerges from our review is that despite numerous studies of Fiji's reef fisheries, the current status of reef-associated fisheries at the national level is still uncertain due, mainly, to the lack of dependable data on the subsistence fisheries. This in turn leads to uncertainty about how the continuation of fishing, in particular, fishing focused on target species for the coral reef resources trade, will affect fishing communities and the ecosystem.     

Interannual variability in glacier contribution to runoff from a high‐elevation Andean catchment: understanding the role of debris cover in glacier hydrology

We present a field‐data rich modelling analysis to reconstruct the climatic forcing, glacier response, and runoff generation from a high‐elevation catchment in central Chile over the period 2000–2015 to provide insights into the differing contributions of debris‐covered and debris‐free glaciers under current and future changing climatic conditions. Model simulations with the physically based glacio‐hydrological model TOPKAPI‐ETH reveal a period of neutral or slightly positive mass balance between 2000 and 2010, followed by a transition to increasingly large annual mass losses, associated with a recent mega drought. Mass losses commence earlier, and are more severe, for a heavily debris‐covered glacier, most likely due to its strong dependence on snow avalanche accumulation, which has declined in recent years. Catchment runoff shows a marked decreasing trend over the study period, but with high interannual variability directly linked to winter snow accumulation, and high contribution from ice melt in dry periods and drought conditions. The study demonstrates the importance of incorporating local‐scale processes such as snow avalanche accumulation and spatially variable debris thickness, in understanding the responses of different glacier types to climate change. We highlight the increased dependency of runoff from high Andean catchments on the diminishing resource of glacier ice during dry years.     

湖北东部雷暴大风雷达回波特征分析

通过对2003-2009年湖北省东部26个雷暴大风过程的雷达、地面、高空、NCEP6h再分析场等资料的研究,依据雷达回波形态特征,将造成雷暴大风的雷达回波分为3种类型,即单体型、弓状型和飑线型。统计分析了每种类型雷达回波强度、回波顶高、垂直液态含水量、中层辐合特征、入流急流、中气旋及环境场条件等特征,研究了这3种雷暴大风天气的雷达回波生命史演变规律,并建立了其雷达回波概念模型。分析表明,单体型雷暴大风提前预警难度较大,但对弓状型和飑线型雷暴大风多数可以提前30min左右做出预警。     

Accuracy assessment of the Mexican National Forest Inventory map: A study in four ecogeographical areas

The accuracy of the Mexican National Forest Inventory (NFI) map is derived in four distinct ecogeographical areas, using an assessment design tailored for the project. A main achievement of the design was to integrate the high diversity of classes encompassed at the most detailed subcommunity level of the classification scheme within a cost‐controlled statistically sound assessment. A hybrid double sampling strategy was applied to the 2.5 million‐ha study area. A total of 5955 reference sites were verified against their NFI map label. The availability of detailed quasi‐synchronous reference data for the 2000 Landsat‐derived NFI and the high diversity of mapped classes allowed a careful thematic analysis on the selected regions, relevant for national extrapolation. Global accuracy estimates of 64–78 per cent were registered among the four ecogeographical areas (two with mainly temperate climate and the other two with mainly tropical climate), with the lower accuracy levels found in areas more densely covered with forests. According to the estimates, the NFI map tends to underestimate the presence of temperate forest (especially oak) and overestimate the presence of tropical forest in the areas investigated. The analysis of confusions reveals difficulties in unambiguously interpreting or labelling forests with secondary vegetation, herbaceous and/or shrub‐like vegetation as well as distinguishing between aquatic vegetation types. The design proved useful from the perspective of accuracy assessments of regional maps in biodiverse regions.     

The use of tracers to assess drill-mud penetration depth into sandstone cores during deep drilling: method development and application

For the utilization of deep saline aquifers in the frame of geotechnical use, such as geological sequestration of CO₂, H₂ or energy storage, a baseline characterization of pristine reservoir rock cores is required to monitor changes in the indigenous microbial communities and pore fluids, and to study alterations in rock characteristics resulting from interaction with geological storage technologies. However, drilling procedures and technical fluids, particularly drill mud, are sources of core contamination. To measure the penetration of drill mud into the cores, three tracers (fluorescein, microspheres, and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole stained bacteria) were tested under laboratory conditions. The flow of drill mud into core samples was induced by applying uniaxial pressure differentials to the core, and the penetration depth was microscopically determined for each tracer. Fluorescein was extracted from the rock samples and quantified fluorometrically. The results indicate that all tested tracers are suitable for tracking drill-mud penetration. The actual penetration depth seems to be related to differences in mineral composition and texture as well as microfractures. Among all tested tracers, fluorescein labelling is the simplest, cheapest and most accurate method for analyzing the contamination of rock cores by technical fluids. The application of this tracer was successfully applied during two deep drilling campaigns at the CO₂ storage pilot site in Ketzin, Germany. The results highlight that the use of tracers is indispensable to ensure the quality of core samples for microbiological and biogeochemical analysis.     

Water quality monitoring: a combined approach to investigate gradients of change in the Great Barrier Reef, Australia

For the managers of a region as large as the Great Barrier Reef, it is a challenge to develop a cost effective monitoring program, with appropriate temporal and spatial resolution to detect changes in water quality. The current study compares water quality data (phytoplankton abundance and water clarity) from remote sensing with field sampling (continuous underway profiles of water quality and fixed site sampling) at different spatial scales in the Great Barrier Reef north of Mackay (20 degrees S). Five transects (20-30 km long) were conducted from clean oceanic water to the turbid waters adjacent to the mainland. The different data sources demonstrated high correlations when compared on a similar spatial scale (18 fixed sites). However, each data source also contributed unique information that could not be obtained by the other techniques. A combination of remote sensing, underway sampling and fixed stations will deliver the best spatial and temporal monitoring of water quality in the Great Barrier Reef.     

An approach to aid INS using time-differenced GPS carrier phase (TDCP) measurements

This paper presents a simple and effective approach that incorporates single-frequency, L1 time-differenced GPS carrier phase (TDCP) measurements without the need of ambiguity resolution techniques and the complexity to accommodate the delayed-state terms. Static trial results are included to illustrate the stochastic characteristics and effectiveness of the TDCP measurements in controlling position error growth. The formulation of the TDCP observation model is also described in a 17-state tightly-coupled GPS/INS iterative, extended Kalman filter (IEKF) approach. Preliminary land vehicle trial results are also presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the TDCP which provides sub-meter positional accuracies when operating for more than 10 min.     

甘肃中部一次强对流天气的多普勒雷达特征分析

利用十堰多普勒天气雷达资料和高空地面观测资料对2013年5月23日凌晨发生在十堰地区的强超级单体风暴过程进行了详细的分析。干暖盖、强垂直风切变、高空辐散、低空辐合特征为超级单体的形成提供了良好的环境场; 喇叭口地形、地形抬高冷池出流和雷暴出流与低层暖湿气流产生的扰动是超级单体爆发性增强的关键原因; 多普勒天气雷达观测表现为典型钩状回波、低层有界弱回波区和“穹隆”、中气旋、回波墙等超级单体特征; 4D-VAR风场反演结果表明超级单体内, 上升气流从前端低层进入, 然后倾斜上升, 至高层后随高空风向外流出, 下沉气流从云后中低层流出, 这是成熟的超级单体所具有的典型流场结构; 中层干冷气流夹卷使得雷暴群整体更有组织性并具有更长的生命史, 有利于强灾害性天气的产生。