Operational Processing of Hydroacoustics at the Prototype International Data Center

— The Prototype International Data Center (PIDC) has designed and implemented a system to process data from the International Monitoring System's hydroacoustic network. The automatic system detects and measures various signal characteristics that are then used to classify the signal into one of three categories. The detected signals are combined with the seismic and infrasonic detections to automatically form event hypotheses. The automatic results are reviewed by human analysts to form the Reviewed Event Bulletin (REB). Continuous processing of hydroacoustic data has been in place since May 1997 and during that time a large database of hydroacoustic signals has been accumulated. For a two-year period, the REB contains 13,582 T phases that are associated to 8,437 events. This is roughly 25% of REB events after taking station downtime into account. Predicted travel times used in locations are based on the arrival time of the peak a mplitude mode calculated from a normal mode propagation model. Global sound velocity and bathymetry databases are used to obtain reliable 2-D, seasonally dependent, travel-time tables for each hydroacoustic station in the PIDC. A limited number of ground-truth observations indicate that the predicted travel times are good to within 5 seconds for paths extending to over 7,000?km – corresponding to a relative error of less than 0.1%. The ground truth indicates that the random errors in measuring arrival times for impulsive signals are between 1 and 6 seconds. This paper describes and evaluates the automatic hydroacoustic processing compared to the analyst reviewed results. In addition, special studies help characterize the overall performance of the hydroacoustic network.     

The application of trace elements to the petrogenesis of igneous rocks of granitic composition

Although trace element modeling has been used to great advantage for petrogenetic interpretations of basaltic systems, similar studies on igneous rocks of granitic composition have been fewer. In general the mineral/melt distribution coefficients for rare earth elements (REE) in granitic melts are equal to or greater than those for similar minerals in the basaltic system. Thus the effects of these minerals on the REE patterns of granitic melts during partial melting or differentiation are exaggerated as compared to basaltic systems, making detection of residual phases easier. For the K/Rb ratio, if neither a K-feldspar component nor biotitephlogopite is present in the residue, it is difficult to reduce the K/Rb ratio of the melt relative to the parent by a factor of two by either differentiation or partial melting.The petrogenesis of four distinctly different rocks are received: (1) an Archean tonalite presumably derived by partial melting of an Archean tholeiite at mantle depths, leaving a garnet plus clinopyroxene residue; (2) an Archean quartz monzonite presumably derived by partial melting of a short-lived graywacke-argillite sequence at crustal depths; (3) a dacite from Saipan presumably derived by differentiation from a basaltic parent; and (4) a trachyte from Ross Island, Antarctica, presumably derived by differentiation from a basanitoid parent and contaminated by continental crustal components.     

大别山西侧极端降水中尺度对流系统结构与传播特征

2012年7月12—13日中国鄂东北连续2 d出现特大暴雨,过程最大总雨量达600 mm。重点利用卫星、雷达和地面自动气象站观测资料等,分析了7月12日大别山西南侧极端强降水型中尺度对流系统的发生发展过程、结构和传播特征等。研究表明:(1)鄂东北特大暴雨是由一个向后传播-准静态α中尺度强对流系统(后向建立中尺度对流系统)产生的。(2)该类型中尺度对流系统频发于鄂东北地区,与鄂东北东侧大别山脉对雷暴冷池的阻挡有密切关系。主要表现在,大别山山脉对雷暴冷池的阻挡导致冷空气在山前堆积并形成回流,回流使中尺度对流系统传播由向下风方转为向上风方。(3)向后传播方式演变的中尺度对流系统因少动或因列车效应明显,常在山前一定距离内产生极端强降水。(4)雷暴冷池向上风方运动导致对流单体向后向传播,是指状对流云团形成的重要机制之一。     

Biochemical biomarkers in adult female perch (Perca fluviatilis) in a chronically polluted gradient in the Stockholm recipient (Sweden)

A battery of biochemical biomarkers and the SigmaPCB concentration in adult female perch (Perca fluviatilis) verified an aquatic pollution gradient with the city of Stockholm (Sweden) as a point source of anthropogenic substances. The investigation included both an upstream gradient, 46 km westwards through Lake M?laren, and a downstream gradient, 84 km eastwards through the Stockholm archipelago. Besides the main gradient from Stockholm, there were strong indications of pollution coming from the Baltic Sea. The results indicated a severe pollution situation in central Stockholm, with poor health status of the perch, characterised by increased specific EROD activity in the liver, increased liver EROD somatic index, decreased AChE activity in the muscle, increased amount of DNA adducts in the liver, and a high concentration of biliary 1-pyrenol. In addition, laboratory exposure to common EROD inducers elicited an abnormal response, suggestive of chronic intoxication.     

Investigation of groundwater mineralization in the Hammamet–Nabeul unconfined aquifer,north-eastern Tunisia: geochemical and isotopic approach

Detailed hydrogeochemical and isotopic data of groundwaters from the Hammamet–Nabeul unconfined aquifer are used to provide a better understanding of the natural and anthropogenic processes that control the groundwater mineralization as well as the sources of different groundwater bodies. It has been demonstrated that groundwaters, which show Na–Cl and Ca–SO₄–Cl water facies, are mainly influenced by the dissolution of evaporates, the dedolomitization and the cation-exchange process; and supplementary by anthropogenic process in relation with return flow of irrigation waters. The isotopic signatures permit to classify the studied groundwaters into two different groups. Non-evaporated groundwaters that are characterized by depleted δ ¹⁸O and δ ²H contents highlighting the importance of modern recharge at higher altitude. Evaporated groundwaters with enriched contents reflecting the significance infiltration of return flow irrigation waters. Tritium data in the studied groundwaters lend support to the existence of pre-1950 and post-1960 recharge. Carbon-14 activities in shallow wells that provide evidence to the large contamination by organic ¹⁴C corroborate the recent origin of the groundwaters in the study area.     

Straddling the tholeiitic/calc-alkaline transition: the effects of modest amounts of water on magmatic differentiation at Newberry Volcano,Oregon

Melting experiments have been performed at 1 bar (anhydrous) and 1- and 2-kbar H₂O-saturated conditions to study the effect of water on the differentiation of a basaltic andesite. The starting material was a mafic pumice from the compositionally zoned tuff deposited during the ~75 ka caldera-forming eruption of Newberry Volcano, a rear-arc volcanic center in the central Oregon Cascades. Pumices in the tuff of Newberry caldera (TNC) span a continuous silica range from 53 to 74 wt% and feature an unusually high-Na₂O content of 6.5 wt% at 67 wt% SiO₂. This wide range of magmatic compositions erupted in a single event makes the TNC an excellent natural laboratory in which to study the conditions of magmatic differentiation. Our experimental results and mineral–melt hygrometers/thermometers yield similar estimates of pre-eruptive H₂O contents and temperatures of the TNC liquids. The most primitive (mafic) basaltic andesites record a pre-eruptive H₂O content of 1.5 wt% and a liquidus temperature of 1,060–1,070 °C at upper crustal pressure. This modest H₂O content produces a distinctive fractionation trend that is much more enriched in Na, Fe, and Ti than the calc-alkaline trend typical of wetter arc magmas, but slightly less enriched in Fe and Ti than the tholeiitic trend of dry magmas. Modest H₂O contents might be expected at Newberry Volcano given its location in the Cascade rear arc, and the same fractionation trend is also observed in the rim andesites of the rear-arc Medicine Lake volcano in the southern Cascades. However, the Na–Fe–Ti enrichment characteristic of modest H₂O (1–2 wt%) is also observed to the west of Newberry in magmas erupted from the arc axis, such as the Shevlin Park Tuff and several lava flows from the Three Sisters. This shows that modest-H₂O magmas are being generated directly beneath the arc axis as well as in the rear arc. Because liquid lines of descent are particularly sensitive to water content in the range of 0–3 wt% H₂O, they provide a quantitative and reliable tool for precisely determining pre-eruptive H₂O content using major-element data from pumices or lava flows. Coupled enrichment in Na, Fe, and Ti relative to the calc-alkaline trend is a general feature of fractional crystallization in the presence of modest amounts of H₂O, which may be used to look for “damp” fractionation sequences elsewhere.     

Seismic markers of the Messinian salinity crisis in the deep Ionian Basin

We conduct the seismic signal analysis on vintage and recently collected multichannel seismic reflection profiles from the Ionian Basin to characterize the deep basin Messinian evaporites. These evaporites were deposited in deep and marginal Mediterranean sedimentary basins as a consequence of the “salinity crisis” between 5.97 and 5.33 Ma, a basin-wide oceanographic and ecological crisis whose origin remains poorly understood. The seismic markers of the Messinian evaporites in the deep Mediterranean basins can be divided in two end-members, one of which is the typical “trilogy” of gypsum and clastics (Lower Unit – LU), halite (Mobile Unit – MU) and upper anhydrite and marl layers (Upper Unit – UU) traced in the Western Mediterranean Basins. The other end-member is a single MU unit subdivided in seven sub-units by clastic interlayers located in the Levant Basin. The causes of these different seismic expressions of the Messinian salinity crisis (MSC) appear to be related to a morphological separation between the two basins by the structural regional sill of the Sicily Channel. With the aid of velocity analyses and seismic imaging via prestack migration in time and depth domains, we define for the first time the seismic signature of the Messinian evaporites in the deep Ionian Basin, which differs from the known end-members. In addition, we identify different evaporitic depositional settings suggesting a laterally discontinuous deposition. With the information gathered we quantify the volume of evaporitic deposits in the deep Ionian Basin as 500,000 km³ ± 10%. This figure allows us to speculate that the total volume of salts in the Mediterranean basin is larger than commonly assumed. Different depositional units in the Ionian Basin suggest that during the MSC it was separated from the Western Mediterranean by physical thresholds, from the Po Plain/Northern Adriatic Basin, and the Levant Basin, likely reflecting different hydrological and climatic conditions. Finally, the evidence of erosional surfaces and V-shaped valleys at the top of the MSC unit, together with sharp evaporites pinch out on evaporite-free pre-Messinian structural highs, suggest an extreme Messinian Stage 3 base level draw down in the Ionian Basin. Such evidence should be carefully evaluated in the light of Messinian and post-Messinian vertical crustal movements in the area. The results of this study demonstrates the importance of extracting from seismic data the Messinian paleotopography, the paleomorphology and the detailed stratal architecture in the in order to advance in the understanding of the deep basins Messinian depositional environments.     

滇西古特提斯多岛洋的结构及其南北延伸

在深化滇西古特提斯构造古地理格局研究基础上 ,提出了区分多岛洋与多岛海的时、空尺度标准。根据藏北羌塘、泰国北部与滇西古特提斯沉积地质学的比较研究 ,论证了滇西昌宁—孟连带北延连接冈玛错缝合带 ,南延与泰国北部隐蔽缝合带相接。泰国东北部著名的难河—程逸缝合带北延很可能潜伏于思茅盆地中新生代红层之下 ,因此古特提斯阶段并不存在稳定的“思茅地块”。泰国西北部湄萨良带存在洋盆硅质岩、海山碳酸盐岩和被动陆缘碎屑岩的构造混杂沉积组合 ,原属“泥盆系”的硅质岩中已发现早石炭世和晚三叠世卡尼期放射虫动物群 ,启示了古特提斯东段存在双子星座式主支洋盆的构造古地理格局。湄萨良带北延最可能与保山地块、腾冲地块之间的潞西三台山蛇绿混杂带相连。滇西北地区原属晚三叠世哈工组内侏罗纪放射虫化石的发现等 ,启示了青藏高原三江带在古、新特提斯转折期古地理演化的复杂性     

银额盆地及周缘石炭系和二叠系沉积之后构造改造初探

通过银额盆地周缘野外地质调查,结合岩石薄片显微构造、磷灰石裂变径迹研究,以及盆地内部综合物化探与地震剖面、钻井等资料,对银额盆地及周缘晚古生代与中新生代地层构造变形及改造进行了分析,并对石炭系与二叠系后期构造改造期次及动力学机制进行了初步探讨。就石炭系和二叠系构造变形而言,露头区构造变形强于盆地内部,北山地区变形程度强于洪格尔山地区。石炭系与二叠系主要遭受了华力西末期、早中燕山期、燕山晚期、喜马拉雅期构造改造作用。第一期变形强烈,以差异隆升为主;第二期区域上变形最强烈,主要表现为区域抬升及大规模的逆冲推覆构造;第三、四期主要为轻微的差异升降作用,分别受控于太平洋板块向华北地块俯冲和印度板块向欧亚大陆俯冲的远程效应。石炭系与二叠系多套烃源岩于早白垩世末期达到最大埋深,进入主要生烃期,早白垩世以来受后期构造改造较弱,形成的大面积河湖相沉积可作为有效的储层与盖层,为银额盆地油气成藏提供了良好的生储盖条件。     

Geochemistry of the shawmere anorthosite complex,kapuskasing structural zone,Ontario

The Archean Shawmere Anorthosite Complex, at the southern end of the Kapuskasing Structural Zone, consists dominantly of anorthosite (An_{65 –85}) with minor gabbroic and ultramafic units, which are completely enclosed and cut by tonalites. Both the anorthosites and the tonalites are themselves cut by narrow dikes of gabbroic anorthosite. All of the rocks have undergone high grade metamorphism and are recrystallized so that few igneous textures remain.The anorthosites, gabbros and ultramafic rocks of this complex are cumulates which contain calcic plagioclase (An_65–95) and have atomic Mg/(Mg + Fe²⁺) ratios (Mg#) greater than 0.6; less than 3 ppm Rb; 150–210 ppm Sr; and less than 60 ppm Ba. REE abundanees range from 0.2 to 10 times chondritic and exhibit both light-enriched and light-depleted REE patterns. The lower Mg^# for the samples having more enriched light REE indicates substantial fractions of ferromagnesian minerals crystallized in addition to plagioclase during fractional crystallization, suggesting that the parent magma was basaltic, and not anorthositic. The ranges in Sr, Ba and REE abundances required for the magmas are typical of those for tholeiitic basalts from Archean greenstone belts. Thus the Shawmere Anorthosite Complex may represent cumulates of a crustal-level magma chamber which could have been the immediate source of basic Archean volcanics.One gabbroic anorthositic dike sample has a steeply fractionalted REE pattern with heavy REE abundances less than chondrites and a large positive Eu anomaly. The proposed interpretations is that this rock formed by partial melting of mafic cumulates, perhaps those of the Shawmere Anorthosite Complex itself.