Anomalous induction in the Carpathians

nuam mam uu auauaum n aumua ¶rt; a 9 n mau ¶rt; nu No V, na anam. ma uam a aa u¶rt;uu aau ¶rt; uu u mau anamau. m m u¶rt;uu u aauuaa amma aamumua aa ma. ¶rt;a a m¶rt; mau ¶rt; aumua u mm a¶rt;u n a m u mau. uamua aau ¶rt;m u mu ma, m m ¶rt;u u umu m n. maum aamumuu n nma mmuuu aauu aumau ¶rt; m ¶rt;- ¶rt;¶rt;muu mm ¶rt; nu u m¶rt; am.

---

---

A substantial part of this paper was presented at the IAGA symposium Relations between External and Internal Magnetic Variations, XVI. IUGG General Assembly, August–September 1975, Grenoble.     

ELF and VLF electric field measurements with the Interkosmos 10 satellite

Summary The ELF-VLF experiment onboard the Interkosmos 10 satellite consisted mainly of a broadband receiver covering the frequency range from 20 Hz to 22 kHz. The signal level in this broad band has also been measured, as well as the level in two narrow bands with centre frequencies of 720 Hz and 4 kHz. The electric component of the ELF-VLF fields has been measured by using an electric dipole antenna, 2.35 m in length. The purpose of this paper is to characterise the data obtained by the broadband RTT transmissions at the Panská Ves station during the seven-months active period of the satellite. The spectral analysis of all broad-band ELF-VLF recordings has been used. Examples of some typical phenomena, most frequently observed at different invariant latitudes are given.     

Demographic aspects of urbanization

Urban growth and urbanization can be defined, measured and studied in a variety of ways but there is little doubt that the demographic dimension is of paramount importance for both the general public and interested scholars. It seem appropriate that this aspect should be given a particular attention during the symposium organized during the International Geographical Congress as well as a special publication resulting therefrom. The present assay attempts to discuss the demographic issues at a very high level of generalization. The basic data used were derived from the latest UN estimates.     

On the characteristics of vlf emissions in the upper ionosphere and on the ground

auuau uu muna a f>1,5 , aumua ¶rt; a nmua uu m u a ¶rt; a mau. mu a aum nm uu, umu a mauu aa (L=2,1) n¶rt; nm uu (L=5). m mmmum mu umua uu, umu a mu mau. au uu a nm m, m a um nmam a 2000–3000 u anu u a L=2,2–5,9. au mmmu nma aamumu a u nmu uu a¶rt;am u amu aua uu a L 3,5. aa, m a mauu aa u ¶rt;a a¶rt; nuu uu a , umum uuu n¶rt; a¶rt;a a nmu. au a n¶rt;num, m am a L 3,5,¶rt; aam au uu u au mmu nma aamumu a u nmu uu, aa ¶rt;amua anau a nana. m u m amu mm au anum u ¶rt; ¶rt;a ua n¶rt;u anmau u ¶rt; — ua.     

LHR whistlers

Summary A type of whistler with unusual dispersion near the LHR frequency has been found, in a number of VLF experiments aboard low-orbiting Intercosmos satellites. These “LHR whistlers” are thought to be the result of transformation of the common whistler mode waves into quasi-electrostatic waves, as they propagate near the LHR frequency. The mechanism generating the LHR whistlers for downgoing whistler waves is discussed. It is shown how the characteristic features of the LHR whistlers reflect the dynamic changes in the outer ionosphere at midlatitudes.

---

Резюме В ря?rt;е ОНЧ эксnерuменmов, выnолненых нa нuзколеmящuх сnуmнuкaх серuu „Инmеркосмос“, был нaŭ?rt;ен mun свuсmов с необычноŭ ?rt;uсnерсuеŭ вблuзu чaсmоmы нuжне?rt;о ?rt;uбрu?rt;но?rt;о резонaнсa (НГР). Эmu „НГР свuсmы“ рaссмamрuвaюmся кaк резульmam mрaнсформaцuu обычных свuсmовых волн в квaзuэлекmросmamuческuе волны в nроцессе рaсnросmрaненuя вблuзu чaсmоmы НГР. Обсуж?rt;aеmся мехaнuзм вознuкновенuя НГР свuсmов ?rt;ля свuсmовых волн, рaсnросmрaняющuхся оm большuх высоm к Земле. Покaзaно, кaкuм обрaзом хaрaкmерные особенносmu НГР свuсmов оmрaжaюm ?rt;uнaмuческuе uзмененuя во внещнеŭ uоносфере сре?rt;нuх шuроm.

     

Recognition of the zones of seismic hazard in Polish Coal mines by using a seismic method

In the Upper Silesian Coal Field the seismic hazard induced by mining operations in collieries is closely related to the rockburst hazard. A seismic method is used for premonitory recognition of the zones of seismic hazard. It takes advantage of the relationship between the velocity of propagation of seismic waves and the state of stress existing in the rock. It consists of the determination of the velocity field of artificially induced seismic waves in a studied fragment of the rock, and of locating the velocity anomaly. The position of the velocity anomaly zones and their intensity are the basis for estimating the seismic hazard in advance of mining works.     

Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Bias on Isotope Ratios in Dolomite–Ankerite,Part I: δ18O Matrix Effects

We document the development of a suite of carbonate mineral reference materials for calibrating SIMS determinations of δ¹⁸O in samples with compositions along the dolomite–ankerite solid solution series [CaMg(CO₃)₂–CaFe(CO₃)₂]. Under routine operating conditions for the analysis of carbonates for δ¹⁸O with a CAMECA IMS 1280 instrument (at WiscSIMS, University of Wisconsin‐Madison), the magnitude of instrumental bias along the dolomite–ankerite series decreased exponentially by ~ 10‰ with increasing Fe content in the dolomite structure, but appeared insensitive to minor Mn substitution [< 2.6 mol% Mn/(Ca+Mg+Fe+Mn)]. The compositional dependence of bias (i.e., the sample matrix effect) was calibrated using the Hill equation, which relates bias to the Fe# of dolomite–ankerite [i.e., molar Fe/(Mg+Fe)] for thirteen reference materials (Fe# = 0.004–0.789); for calibrations employing either 10 or 3 μm diameter spot size measurements, this yielded residual values ≤ 0.3–0.4‰ relative to CRM NBS 19 for most reference materials in the suite. Analytical precision was ± 0.3‰ (2s, standard deviations) for 10‐μm spots and ± 0.7‰ (2s) for 3‐μm spots, based on the spot‐to‐spot repeatability of a drift monitor material that ‘bracketed’ each set of ten sample‐spot analyses. Analytical uncertainty for individual sample analyses was approximated by a combination of precision and calibration residual values (propagated in quadrature), suggesting an uncertainty of ± 0.5‰ (2s) for 10‐μm spots and ± 1‰ (2s) for 3‐μm spots.