内蒙古北山地区发现新元古代片麻状花岗岩:锆石U-Pb定年证据

<正>1研究目的(Objective)北山造山带位于中亚造山带最南缘,经历了复杂的地质演化历史。北山造山带存在两个古老地块为敦煌地块和明水—旱山地块。在敦煌地块之上的柳园地区,梅华林等曾发现有榴辉岩和新元古代花岗质片麻岩。而对于明水—旱山地块,前人鲜有报道存在有新元古代的花岗岩。本次对于明水—旱山地块之上片麻状花岗岩年代学的研究,将为北山造山带北带是否存在新元古代片麻状花岗岩、同时确立该区构造演化历史提供新的基础资料。     

内蒙古吉尔嘎郎图早古生代岩体成因——年代学、地球化学及Nd-Hf同位素制约

兴蒙造山带北缘断续分布的早古生代岩浆岩带,对古生代构造格局恢复及造山带演化研究具有重要意义。阿巴嘎旗北部吉尔嘎郎图岩体位于该岩浆岩带中段,为带内最大的早古生代复式侵入体。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年表明,吉尔嘎郎图岩体早期花岗闪长岩单元成岩年龄为455.0~495.6Ma。在主量元素组成上,岩体SiO_2含量中等(59.49%~68.22%),贫铁、镁,K_2O/Na_2O值(0.64~0.85)小于1,A/CNK=0.96~1.09,整体具有亚碱、弱过铝特征。稀土及微量元素方面,岩体富Cs、Rb、Th、U、Pb,亏损Ba、Sr、P及高场强元素Nb、Ta等,稀土元素总量中等,具有弱负Eu异常(δEu=0.52~0.82)。Sr-Nd-Hf同位素分析结果显示,岩体具有亏损的同位素组成,(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)i=0.7053~0.7034,ε_(Nd)(t)=0.39~4.29,2件Hf同位素样品ε_(Hf)(t)均为正值,分别为ε_(Hf)(t)=7.6~10.8和ε_(Hf)(t)=3.7~7.9。岩石地球化学、年代学及Sr-Nd-Hf同位素综合分析表明,吉尔嘎郎图岩体是早古生代古亚洲洋沿苏左旗—锡林浩特一线向北俯冲背景下,遭受了俯冲板片析出流体交代作用影响的新生下地壳部分熔融的产物,后期由于弧后拉张、贺根山洋盆打开与主体岛弧带分离,最终随着古亚洲洋的整体闭合,形成了与俯冲带彼此分隔的格局。     

Characteristics of seismic disasters and aseismic measures of tunnels in Wenchuan earthquake

Over the past few years, accompanied by big and frequent earthquakes, more attention was paid to the tunnel earthquake resistance. To reduce tunnel seismic damage and explore the reasonable aseismic measures, the tunnel earthquake disaster investigation was employed to analyze and summarize the tunnel seismic damage on the basis of Wenchuan earthquake. Fifty-two tunnels near the epicenter of Sichuan Province were investigated: Only 7 tunnels did not show structure damage, 6 tunnels suffered the most serious damage, and the rest appeared damage to various extents. It indicates that most serious seismic damage happens to fault fracture zone, followed by entrance and common section of the tunnel. Additionally, the results display that the typical seismic damage of tunnels is lining cracking, collapsing, dislocation, construction joints cracking, and uplifting of invert, and usually lining cracking and collapsing account for a larger proportion. Therefore, the tunnel aseismic design should emphasize the fault fracture zone and tunnel entrance. Tunnel design should adopt the composite lining structure with shock absorber and whole chain alternative grouting to prevent the lining cracking and collapsing in the seismic fortification zone.     

Estimation of Coulomb stress changes and induced earthquake occurrences prediction in the region of Three Gorges Reservoir,China

In the region of Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) in China, there has been occurrence of several frequent earthquakes of moderate intensity since reservoir impounding occurred in 2003. These earthquakes are generally believed to be induced by reservoir impoundment and water-level variations. Usually, the geo-stress will change, when natural earthquakes occur. Following this principle, this paper adopted the rate and state theory to simulate and estimate Coulomb stress changes in the TGR region and obtained the pattern of Coulomb stress changes with time and the event sequence as well as the distribution of Coulomb stress changes in space. First, the TGR regional catalogue was analyzed and processed, leading to quantification of the magnitude of completeness and all of the parameters that are used in the stress–seismicity inversion process, including the reference seismicity rates, characteristic relaxation time, fault constitutive parameters, and stress rates. Second, the temporal evolution of the stress changes in different time windows was computed and analyzed, and it was found that there is an association between the Coulomb stress changes and rates of increase in the cumulative number of earthquakes. In addition, the earthquake occurred in November 2008 (M _S = 4.1) was analyzed and attempted to simulate the distribution of stress changes in space through the stress–seismicity inversion model. The results proved that the modeled area coincides with the historical area of earthquakes that occurred after 2008. Finally, a prediction was made about the earthquake productivity rates after 2015, which showed a declining earthquake rate over time that ultimately returned to the background seismicity. This result is essentially in agreement with Omori’s law. To conclude, it is rational to use the stress-inversion method to analyze the relationship between induced earthquake seismicity and local stress changes as well as to simulate the area of earthquake occurrence and productivity rates of reservoir-induced earthquakes.     

基于捕捞努力量的中西太平洋鲣鱼围网渔业入渔预测分析

中西太平洋是全球主要的鲣鱼（Katsuwonus pelamis）围网作业渔场,渔场极易受到海洋环境的影响,但渔场分布在众多岛国的管辖海域,如何科学指导企业准确入渔是重要的研究课题。本文根据1995-2012年中西太平洋鲣鱼围网捕捞生产统计数据,选取产量最高的22个海区（5°×5°）,结合Niño3.4区海表温度距平值（SSTA）和作业海域表温（SST）,研究中西太平洋鲣鱼围网渔场的空间分布规律,同时,以各海区捕捞努力量（作业次数）所占的百分比为入渔指标,建立基于环境因子的入渔决策模型。研究认为,中西太平洋鲣鱼捕捞努力量在纬度方向上主要分布于5°S~5°N,其累计捕捞努力量占所有作业海区的87.4%,其中以130°~140°E经度范围为最高,其捕捞努力量占22个海区的45.08%。入渔指标与Niño3.4区的SSTA、作业海域SST均符合正态模型（P<0.01）,Niño3.4区的SSTA最适值为0.25℃,作业海域SST最适值在29.5℃左右。对预测和实际排名前十的海域进行统计发现,预测值与实际值基本一致。研究认为,所建立的入渔预测模型可有效指导企业的渔业生产,为提高企业生产效率提供支撑。     

鄂尔多斯地块北缘动力背景和现今地震活动特征

鄂尔多斯地块的动力背景是青藏高原东北缘NE向推挤作用的结果。1970年以来,鄂尔多斯地块北缘现今地震活动表明,中强地震活动具有幕式活动特征,从1970~2015年共经历了4幕活动;块体西北缘与东北缘的中强地震具有迁移对跳活动特征,1970年以来共经历了4组对跳;震例统计结果揭示,地块北缘6.0级左右地震前,块体中等地震经历长时间平静具有普适特征;2005-03以来,块体所在的阴山地震带再次进入中等地震超长平静时段。其幕式活动特征、迁移特征、时间平静特征可作为区域范围强震的预测指标。     

祁连山北坡云垂直分布特征

利用敦煌、酒泉、张掖、民勤探空站2014—2019年的探空数据,对祁连山北坡云的发生频率及云垂直结构特征进行分析。结果表明:祁连山北坡全年云的发生频率为20%~40%,以1~3层云为主,且单层云的发生频率高于多层云,多层云以2层云为主;云的发生频率夏高冬低,夏季单层云和2层云出现的频率较为接近,而春、秋、冬季节单层云出现频率远高于2层云和3层云;全年平均云高度2层云的下层云厚度明显大于上层云,3层云的底层云与中层云之间晴空夹层厚度大于中层云与顶层云之间的晴空厚度;祁连山北坡云层高度季节变化显著,单层云和多层云的高度都表现为夏高冬低。     

浙江缙云县大洋山石鼓尖花岗岩坑穴成因

浙江缙云县大洋山石鼓尖海拔1477m,在其山顶花岗岩表面发现大量直径几十厘米至1m左右、深度10cm至45cm的坑穴。经对60处坑穴的形态量测发现,坑穴主要发育在山坡的NE和SE一侧;坑穴积水后出水口流向亦主要朝向NE和SE。对岩石标本的偏光显微镜和X荧光光谱鉴定分析发现,该处基岩为易风化、泥化明显的中细粒钾长花岗岩。该处年平均气温9.2oC,年降水量在1700mm以上,每年12月至翌年3月会经历4个月日气温在0oC上下波动的冰缘作用期,雨雪水冻融交替对基岩的崩解作用明显。该处位于夏季台风雨迎风坡（NE和SE坡）一侧,暴雨常伴随有10级以上大风。现场常可见风力吹蚀带动坑穴中细岩屑对坑穴内壁产生加速旋转磨蚀作用。上述研究表明,该处花岗岩坑穴形成的主要动力成因首先是冰缘寒冻风化作用,暴雨和山顶大风的风力吹蚀加速了坑穴的形成。观察表明,此种作用目前仍在进行之中,风向的转变是造成坑穴出现多种形态的主要原因。由于此处海拔距雪线尚有1500m高差,即使在第四纪盛冰期也仅是接近雪线高度,且因山顶无积雪屯冰的低洼地形,因此,第四纪“冰臼”成因说难以成立。     

MEMS型加速度传感器在超高层建筑振动监测中的性能对比测试

为开展MEMS型加速度传感器在超高层建筑振动监测应用中的性能对比测试,选取4种不同类型MEMS型加速度传感器与G1B型力平衡式加速度传感器,将其安装在地王大厦相同测点,对MEMS型、G1B型加速度传感器记录的结构环境振动数据进行时程、频谱和模态频率对比分析,并对其记录的结构地震响应进行时域及频域对比。研究结果表明,不同类型MEMS型加速度传感器仪器噪声均大于G1B型加速度传感器,其中MEMS-I型加速度传感器噪声水平相对较小,与G1B型加速度传感器模态频率识别结果及地震响应监测数据吻合较好,验证了MEMS-I型加速度传感器可较准确地记录到结构强振动响应,适用于超高层建筑日常结构振动监测。     

海洋水色遥感产品在青海湖鱼产潜力估算中的应用

鱼产潜力可为渔业资源保护和管理提供科技支撑,传统的鱼产潜力估算方法在大型湖泊中往往成本高、采样率低、时效差.本研究基于2018—2020年非冰封期(5—10月)在青海湖的实测数据,通过提取和校对海洋水色遥感MODIS卫星数据反演产品(1 km分辨率)并结合垂向归纳模型(VGPM)构建了青海湖浮游植物初级生产力及鱼产潜力估算模型,估算的浮游植物初级生产力与实测值对比的平均相对误差小于25%.利用该模型估算2018—2020年非冰封期青海湖基于浮游植物初级生产力的鱼产潜力并分析其时空分布规律,结果显示青海湖鱼产潜力在5—10月呈现先增加后减少的季节波动规律,最大值出现在夏季(7—8月);空间分布上呈现湖心小,岸边及靠近入湖支流河口区域大的分布状态,全湖总鱼产潜力月均变化范围为2.5万~17.6万t.鱼产潜力的时空分布规律主要受气温、外源营养物质、裸鲤摄食等影响.研究表明青海湖非冰封期的鱼类资源承载力年累计值可达45.8万t,明显高于现有裸鲤资源的现存量和历史产量高峰值,表明青海湖仍然具备很大的鱼类资源承载力与增殖空间.本研究为同类型的大型高原湖泊基于卫星遥感的高效长期鱼产潜力监测估算提供了范例,为青海湖“封湖育鱼”政策制定和增殖放流保护决策提供参考.