Convective/Large-scale Rainfall Partitions of Tropical Heavy Precipitation in CMIP6 Atmospheric Models

Convective/large-scale(C/L) precipitation partitions are crucial for achieving realistic rainfall modeling and are classified in 16 phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP6) atmospheric models. Only 4 models capture the feature that convective rainfall significantly exceeds the large-scale rainfall component in the tropics while the other 12 models show 50%–100% large-scale rainfall component in heavy rainfall. Increased horizontal resolution generally increases the convective rainfall percentage, but not in all models. The former 4 models can realistically reproduce two peaks of moisture vertical distribution, respectively located in the upper and the lower troposphere. In contrast, the latter 12 models correspond to three types of moisture vertical profile biases:(1) whole mid-to-lower tropospheric wet biases(60%–80% large-scale rainfall);(2) mid-tropospheric wet peak(50% convective/large-scale rainfall); and(3) lower-tropospheric wet peak(90%–100% large-scale rainfall). And the associated vertical distribution of unique clouds potentially causes different climate feedback, suggesting accurate C/L rainfall components are necessary to reliable climate projection.     

CAS FGOALS-f3-L Large-ensemble Simulations for the CMIP6 Polar Amplification Model Intercomparison Project

Large-ensemble simulations of the atmosphere-only time-slice experiments for the Polar Amplification Model Intercomparison Project (PAMIP) were carried out by the model group of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System (FGOALS-f3-L). Eight groups of experiments forced by different combinations of the sea surface temperature (SST) and sea ice concentration (SIC) for pre-industrial, present-day, and future conditions were performed and published. The time-lag method was used to generate the 100 ensemble members, with each member integrating from 1 April 2000 to 30 June 2001 and the first two months as the spin-up period. The basic model responses of the surface air temperature (SAT) and precipitation were documented. The results indicate that Arctic amplification is mainly caused by Arctic SIC forcing changes. The SAT responses to the Arctic SIC decrease alone show an obvious increase over high latitudes, which is similar to the results from the combined forcing of SST and SIC. However, the change in global precipitation is dominated by the changes in the global SST rather than SIC, partly because tropical precipitation is mainly driven by local SST changes. The uncertainty of the model responses was also investigated through the analysis of the large-ensemble members. The relative roles of SST and SIC, together with their combined influence on Arctic amplification, are also discussed. All of these model datasets will contribute to PAMIP multi-model analysis and improve the understanding of polar amplification.     

湖泊沉积物中重金属的环境地球化学

概要地回顾了近年来国内外湖泊沉积物中重金属环境污染方面的研究成果,介绍了湖相沉积物重金属研究的主要内容、方法和可能的发展方向。认为就重金属成因方面应加强区分其主要来源是岩石和矿物风化的碎屑产物、大气降尘、人类活动等的研究;重金属污染方面更应重视污染物质的生物有效性、迁移转化机理和重金属“二次污染”的研究;研究手段上,注重运用同位素示踪与定年技术来研究重金属的来源和污染历史,应用高分辨率沉积物钻心研究环境的变迁。最后提出加强多学科的综合研究,建立中国湖泊基准数据库,为探讨湖泊湿地的可持续发展提供依据。     

海啸灾害与预警

地震海啸是最严重的自然灾害之一。本文对海啸的定义、性质、特征、历史上和近代的中国和世界的严重地震海啸灾害作了介绍。同时简单地介绍了海啸预警系统的主要内容。     

丰年虫粉虾苗幼体饲料对日本对虾溞状幼体的影响

本文就丰年虫粉虾苗幼体饲料(OG)对日本对虾溞状幼体的影响进行试验初步得出，OG饲养效果优于日本车元饲料，从溞状幼体1期至糠虾幼体1期的转化率提高9.2％，且转化时间缩短了0.5d，幼体活力好.文中还就相关的问题进行了讨论.     

对虾、青蛤和江蓠三元混养效益的实验研究

通过海水陆基围隔实验,研究了凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)与青蛤(Cyclina senensis)、菊花心江蓠(Gracilaria lichevoides)投饵混养的适宜配比、经济效益和生态效益。实验结束时对虾的体重、成活率和净产量分别为5.30~6.12g,62.96%~78.21%和1 065.0~1 367.6kg.hm-2。青蛤体重和净产量分别为6.85~7.15g,和51~328kg.hm-2。菊花心江蓠净产量为3 900~9 380kg.hm-2。混养系统的经济效益和生态效益均优于对虾单养。在本实验条件下,混养系统的最佳结构为凡纳滨对虾30ind.m-2,青蛤30ind.m-2,菊花心江蓠200g.m-2;其N,P绝对利用率分别为52.94%和26.09%。     

野生和养殖牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)遗传差异的RAPD和ISSR研究

利用RAPD和ISSR两种分子标记技术,分析了山东威海近海野生和养殖牙鲆的遗传多样性差异。结果表明,用10个RAPD引物对两个样本各30个个体的基因组DNA进行扩增,共获得110个重复性好且带谱清晰的扩增位点,片段大小在200—2500bp之间,野生样本和养殖样本的多态位点比例分别为59.09%和60·91%,Shannon多样性值分别为16·563和16·917,野生样本内平均遗传距离为0·17427,养殖样本为0·17553,样本间遗传距离为0·17419。用6个ISSR引物共在两样本中检测到161个位点,野生样本有111个(68·94%)为多态位点,养殖样本有112个(69·57%)为多态位点,野生和养殖样本的样本内平均遗传距离分别为0·19996和0·20007,样本间遗传距离为0·20002,Shannon多样性值分别为29·254和29·688。平均位点多态率显著性检验标明,无论是利用RAPD还是ISSR技术,两群体间平均位点多态率皆差异不显著,说明第一代养殖群体的遗传结构尚未发生明显变化。     

惠州西湖水环境信息管理系统的建立与应用

分析了水环境信息管理的研究现状和不足,在前人研究的基础上,以软件工程原理和系统工程分析法为指导,进行系统的分析、设计和系统体系结构的介绍。阐述了系统的各功能模块的实现,重点介绍了专题地图和富营养化综合评价模块的实现及其在实际水环境监测和决策中的应用。该研究的总结为:系统基于SuperMap Object组件技术、数据技术和数据挖掘技术,以Visual Basic为平台集成专业模型与GIS于一体,实现了模型辅助水环境的评价和决策,并以直观的图形界面显示,是一种有益尝试。     

细胞色素B基因PCR-RFLP鉴定阿胶原料

用细胞色素B基因PCR-RFLP方法对阿胶原料进行鉴定。提取马、牛、驴3种动物干皮DNA,PCR扩增细胞色素B基因保守区域的359 bp片段,用限制性内切酶HinfⅠ和HaeⅢ酶切,采用琼脂糖凝胶电泳获得了DNA指纹图谱,根据获得的DNA指纹图谱判定样品所属物种。该方法不仅简便,还可以100%准确鉴定阿胶原料皮样所属物种来源,适合作为常规技术应用于阿胶原料鉴定。     

Chromosomal localization of the major ribosomal RNA genes in scallop Chlamys farreri

1IntroductionThe class bivalvia includes many well-knownmarine invertebrate species because they play impor-tant roles in aquaculture.Most cytogenetic studies ofbivalvia have focused primarily on chromosome num-ber and gross morphology(Insua et al.,1998).…