Effects of enhanced zinc and copper in drinking water on spatial memory and fear conditioning

Ingestion of enhanced zinc can cause memory impairments and copper deficiencies. This study examined the effect of zinc supplementation, with and without copper, on two types of memory. Rats raised pre- and post-natally on 10 mg/kg ZnCO₃ or ZnSO₄ in the drinking water were tested in a fear-conditioning experiment at 11 months of age. Both zinc groups showed a maladaptive retention of fearful memories compared to controls raised on tap water. Rats raised on 10 mg/kg ZnCO₃, 10 mg/kg ZnCO₃ + 0.25 mg/kg CuCl₂, or tap water, were tested for spatial memory ability at 3 months of age. Significant improvements in performance were found in the ZnCO₃ + CuCl₂ group compared to the ZnCO₃ group, suggesting that some of the cognitive deficits associated with zinc supplementation may be remediated by addition of copper.     

Hydrochemical and isotopical tracers in the lacustrine aquifer of the Cerro Prieto area, Baja California, México

A series of patterns in the chemical and isotopic composition of the groundwater of the Cerro Prieto area have been recognized. These patterns were used to define four hydrochemical and isotopical zones in the area. One of these areas located at the east side was found to be the source of recharge, while another in the central part is where an older aquifer exist in lacustrine deposits. The low permeability of the area causes the aquifer to act as an aquitard, which at least is partly surrounded by an interface zone where mixing of waters occurs. Tritium and radiocarbon method revealed that the aquitard is an isolate system whose residence time is of 32 ka.     

Airborne gamma-ray spectrometry to quantify chemical erosion processes

Airborne gamma-ray spectrometry data (uranium, potassium and thorium contents) reveal geochemical heterogeneities within the monolithological Hyrôme watershed (ca. 150 km²) in the Armorican massif (western France). Our observations and computations provide important constraints on the spatial distribution and the associated magnitudes of chemical erosion processes at the scale of a small watershed. Two distinct, partially preserved, weathering profiles exhibit a strong correlation between regolith evolution and airborne-derived K/Th ratios, suggesting that the variability is linked to supergene processes. Using both airborne data and laboratory measurements on rock samples, the total net export of potassium has been estimated at 422 ± 50 kg/m² and the chemical weathering rate of potassium at 17 ± 2 kg/km²/a.     

Thermal and isotopic profiling of the Pipeline hydrothermal system: Application to exploration for Carlin-type gold deposits

New exploration techniques are vital to the search for new orebodies in mature terranes, as well as for extensions of existing orebodies. This research focused on application of low-temperature dating techniques (primarily apatite fission-tracks) and stable isotope measurements (carbon and oxygen in carbonate rocks) in and around the Pipeline deposit, a Carlin-type gold system. The primary purpose of the project was to assess whether these techniques could provide exploration vectors that might be used in conjunction with other geologic, geochemical, and geophysical techniques to determine the locus of fossil hydrothermal fluid flow, and the attendant possibility of finding economic mineral deposits.At Pipeline, measurements of apatite fission-tracks and (U − Th) / He geochronometry yield a clear indication of the elevated temperatures associated with the fossil hydrothermal system. The pattern is one of a central target (Pipeline deposit) with decreasing thermal effects as far as several kilometers laterally from the known ore zone. Because of the irregular nature of fluid flow through fractures, a significant number of samples are required to discern this pattern, but the pattern is quite clear from the 32 samples in and around the Pipeline pit.Stable isotope measurements of carbonate rocks yield patterns centered on the Pipeline pit area. Oxygen isotopes in particular are shifted toward lower values as the result of interaction between the hydrothermal fluids and carbonate rocks. Carbon isotopes show a pattern, but it is somewhat more difficult to interpret than the oxygen isotope pattern. As with the geochronometric patterns, isotopic indications of fluid flow are present several kilometers from the ore zone at Pipeline. Also as with the geochronometric data, a relatively large sample set is required to see the pattern. At Pipeline, the patterns are evident in approximately 45 surface samples and very clearly in the cross-sections containing approximately 100 samples.From these data, it is clear that thermal and stable isotopic measurements on rocks at a significant distance from the known Pipeline hydrothermal system record the passage of hot fluids through the rock. Both techniques provide a footprint of the Pipeline system that is several diameters larger than the ore zone (as presently known). Therefore, thermochronologic and stable isotopic measurements can be utilized in conjunction with other techniques as part of an overall exploration strategy for Carlin-type deposits. Although these techniques do not provide a direct indication of the metal content of the fossil hydrothermal fluids, they do provide an indication of the robustness of fluid flow and the potential size of a hydrothermal system.