A high-resolution real-time forecasting system for predicting the fate of oil spills in the Strait of Bonifacio (western Mediterranean Sea)

The Strait of Bonifacio is a long and narrow area between Corsica and Sardinia. To manage environmental emergencies related to the spill of oil from vessels, an innovative forecasting system was developed. This tool is capable of operationally predicting the dispersion of hydrocarbon spills in the coastal area of the Bonifacio Strait, either from an instantaneous or continuous spill and either in forward or backward mode. Experimental datasets, including ADCP water current measurements and the trajectories of drifter buoys released in the area, were used to evaluate the accuracy of this system. A comparison between the simulation results and experimental data revealed that both the water circulation and the surface transport processes are accurately reproduced by the model. The overall accuracy of the system in reproducing the transport of an oil spill at sea was estimated for both forward and backward prediction mode and in relation to different forecasting time lags.     

应用于油气勘探的石油地球化学新进展

本文概述了石油形成、成熟和运移研究中的最新进展.不同的油气源岩形成烃类的潜能取决于干酪根的类型.除了典型的Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类以外,还研究了残余的、氧化的有机质,这些有机质不可能产烃.一般认为煤是可能的气源岩,但是有一些煤同样可以形成相当数量的石油.日常分析手段,尤其是热解技术的发展使我们可以编绘地球化学曲线,以此为基础筛选试样和解释其它分析资料.在光学技术中,主要讨论的课题是无定形有机质的特征(这类有机质可能包含了不同化学类型的干酪根)及镜质体反射率技术对Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类干酪根的适用性.当鉴定沉积物和原油中的生物标志化合物取得重要进展后,它们可应用于对比油一油源岩,有人提出可以将其用于恢复沉积环境及演化历史.目前对烃类运移的认识也更加深了一步,人们普遍认识到烃相运移的重要性.孔隙流体的剩余压力是石油排驱的主要动力.盆地演化的地质模式(下降、压实、热历史)和地化模式(烃类形成及运移)逐渐得到应用.未来石油勘探重大进展之一肯定是将这两个模式结合起来,形成一个综合模式.     

对流层大气温度"蝴蝶形"震前异常

利用美国国家和海洋大气管理局(NOAA)的大气温度数据, 分析陆地地震和海洋地震震前震中上空的大气温度变化, 研究其作为地震短临前兆的可能性.地震样本包括2014年2月12日于田M_s7.3地震、2008年5月12日汶川M_s8.0地震、2011年3月11日日本M_s9.0地震、2014年4月1日智利M_s8.1海洋地震、2013年3月27日台湾南投县M_s6.1地震和2014年5月30日云南盈江M_s6.1地震.结果表明: (1)震前, 震中位置300~1 000 hPa大气温度有较为一致的变化趋势; (2)200 hPa与400 hPa处(根据不同地点可选择其他, 诸如350 hPa、300 hPa等高度数据)温度折线图在震前趋近或者相交, 出现类似蝴蝶翅膀的"蝴蝶形"特殊曲线形状; (3)200 hPa与400 hPa温度差等值线图在(震前数月、数周或数天不等)震中附近区域的数值减小, 温度差等值线图的塌陷最低点对应震中位置.以上规律有望应用于地震短临预测的时间与震中的确定.      

岩浆期后成矿的能量原理

矽卡岩、云英岩、钠长岩和热液类型的矿床是岩浆期后金属矿床的典型代表。到目前为止,相当肯定地确定了这些矿床和其它内生金属矿床成矿物质的来源以及形成这些矿床的矿化热液的来源。成矿物质来源分为:1)壳下玄武岩类的或岩浆的;2)地壳花岗岩类的或同化的;3)渗入的。成矿热水系分力:1)岩浆水;2)交质水; 3)沉积岩的埋藏水;     

A New Species of Tsuga (Pinaceae) based on Lignified Wood from the Late Miocene of Central Yunnan, China, and Its Paleoenvironmental Implications

A new species, Tsuga nanfengensis sp. nov. (Pinaceae), is described on the basis of lignified fossil wood from the late Miocene of the Xianfeng Basin, central Yunnan, southwestern China. Detailed observation of the fossil wood specimens show the following characteristics: distinct growth rings, absence of resin canals, uniseriate bordered pits in the radial wall of tracheids, ray tracheids and piceoid and cupressoid cross-field pits. These features indicate similarities to the wood of extant Tsuga canadensis, T. chinensis, and T. dumosa. According to the fossil record, Tsuga was present in Xundian County during the Miocene. Today Tsuga is drought intolerant, preferring wet conditions with no extant species growing naturally in Xundian County. The presence of Tsuga in the Miocene of Xundian County indicates a humid climate consistent with previous palaeoclimatic reconstructions showing a wetter and probably shorter dry season in the Miocene, relative to the present day. Therefore, the change in the local climate such as increasing aridity through the Miocene might explain the local extinction of Tsuga from central Yunnan.