Origin of trace element distribution patterns in sulfides of the central and bingham districts,western U.S.A.

Trace element abundances in sulfides of these two large hydrothermal ore districts allow distinction of several groups of ore bodies with differing trace element levels. Within groups, certain elements show lateral or vertical zoning. The groups were deposited from different batches of ore fluid. The differences in trace element content between groups reflect differences in stage of differentiation or abundance of complexing species when the ore fluid separated from the magma. The zoning may result from hydrothermal differentiation of a single batch of ore fluid as it travels away from the magma. The zoning pattern correlates in part with expected strength of metal complexes, but also depends on temperature and solid-liquid partition coefficients.

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Zusammenfassung Auf Grund der Spurenelementhäufigkeiten in Sulfiden können in diesen beiden großen hydrothermalen Erzvorkommen mehrere Gruppen von Erzlagerstätten unterschieden werden. Innerhalb der Gruppen zeigen gewisse Elemente laterale oder vertikale zonale Verteilungen. Die Gruppen wurden von verschiedenen erzbringenden Lösungen gebildet. Die Unterschiede im Spurenelementgehalt zwischen verschiedenen Gruppen spiegeln Unterschiede im Stadium der Differentiation oder die Häufigkeit von komplexbildenden Ionen während der Absonderung der erzbringenden Lösungen von Magma wider. Die zonale Verteilung kann von der hydrothermalen Differentiation einer einzigen erzbringenden Lösung auf ihrem Weg vom Magma herrühren. Teilweise entspricht die zonale Spurenelementverteilung der erwarteten Stabilität von Metalionenkomplexen, sie hängt aber auch von der Temperatur und von Verteilungskoeffizienten zwischen festen und flüssigen Phasen ab.

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Contribution No. 69–34, College of Earth and Mineral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University     

Covariance structure and morphometric analysis—A contribution to paleogenetics

A method of analysis of covariance structure proposed by A. P. Dempster complements, in some respects, a recently suggested procedure by the author. The method is based on the comparison of ratios of generalized statistical distances and distancelike quantities. An analysis of septivariate data on the foraminiferTextilina mexicana (Cushman) shows general differences in covariance structure in which the sample rest linear discriminators also differ. This difference in covariance structure is thought to be genetic in origin. Two species of Middle Devonian brachiopods,Martinia inflata (Schnur) andUncites gryphus von Schlotheim), also show differences in covariance structure—the former slightly, the latter strongly. This is further analyzed forUncites by the author's methods and good agreement between the two approaches obtained.     

Nonlinear dissipation of Alfvén waves

Alfvén waves are generated easily in many cosmic plasmas, but they possess no linear damping mechanism since they are not compressive. The most prominent nonlinear damping occurs when one Alfvén wave decays into another plus a slow magnetosonic wave, or two Alfvén waves combine into one fast magnetosonic wave; the resulting magnetosonic waves can then be dissipated. The nonlinear coupling rates are presented, with special emphasis on the astrophysically important case of sound speed Alfvén speed. Streaming cosmic rays generate Alfvén waves moving in the direction of streaming, but they reabsorb the backward moving waves then produced by wave decay. The possible steady states for this system of cosmic rays and Alfvén waves turn out to be highly restricted.Supported by NSF grant GP-15218.     

Lunar nomenclature: A dissenting note

This note reviews the nature of the traditional (Mädler) lunar nomenclature and the recent developments based on the use of more than 2000 named provinces. It appears that the new nomenclature is less efficient than the old in many cases and may lead to an impossible publication situation. The unnecessary break with the past is especially critized.     

Polarization measurements of solar type III radio bursts at 25.3 MHz

We report the results of 1966, 1968, and 1969 polarization measurements of solar type III radio noise bursts made by recording the output of two orthogonally polarized receiving channels and subsequent digital processing of selected data. The processed data yield total intensity, degree of polarization, ellipticity, and polarization ellipse orientation at 1 second intervals. The measurements are made in a 100 Hz bandwith to minimize the influence of the propagating medium on the measurements. The mean degree of polarization was found to be about 65% in contrast to previous studies which indicated that type III events were more weakly polarized. By assuming that type III bursts are flare related we study the polarization characteristics of type III bursts as a function of the solar longitude of the related flares. The relation between type III event polarization characteristics and flare importance is also investigated. The significance of polarization measurements in studies of solar radio events is pointed out and suggestions for further theoretical research are given.     

喀喇沁玻基橄辉岩中的磷酸盐质熔体及磷灰石

磷酸盐在本文讨论的坡基橄辉岩中以多种形式产生,有早期结晶的磷灰石斑晶;有熔离的磷酸盐质熔浆液滴;也有晚期穿入橄榄石斑晶的磷酸盐质细脉,表明元素磷活跃在岩浆演化的每一个阶段。磷酸盐质熔浆液滴的存在,说明磷酸盐质熔体可能是由于岩浆的熔离作用而形成的。沿着橄榄石晶格生长石出现的磷酸盐质玻璃细脉则进一步证实地幔中含磷流体不但存在,而且具有很强的活动性。     

海南岛“邦溪—晨星蛇绿岩片”的时代及其构造意义—Sm—Nd同位素制约

本文报道了邦溪和晨星两个地区变质基性岩的 Sm - Nd同位素定年结果。Sm - Nd等时线年龄 333± 12 Ma代表了变质基性岩的形成年龄。这些变质基性岩高度亏损 Th、Nb、Ta和轻稀土元素 ,εNd(t)≈ 7,与洋中脊玄武岩类似 ,形成于大洋环境。本文将这些洋中脊型变质基性岩称之为“邦溪 -晨星蛇绿岩片”,它们与金沙江 -双沟 - Song Ma蛇绿岩在形成时代上基本一致 ,代表了东古特提斯洋的残片。邦溪 -晨星蛇绿岩片在早三叠世华南 (包括海南岛北部 )和印支块体 (包括海南岛中南部 )块体碰撞拼合时构造侵位在大陆上 ,成为“石碌混杂岩”的一部分     

南天山库米什蛇绿混杂岩带中硅质岩的元素地球化学特征及其形成环境

南天山库米什铜花山地区蛇绿混杂岩带不同岩块中的硅质岩高Al_2O_3和Al_2O_3/TiO_2,Zr、Nb、Hf、Ta和Th与Al_2O_3等陆源元素具较好正相关性,北关页岩标准化稀土模式呈现无Ce负异常(Ce/Ce~*=1．05～1．33)的典型大陆边缘硅质岩平坦稀土谱型,它们的(La/Ce)_SN=0．74～0．98,Ti/V=5．10～122．18,V/Y=0．39～6．03,均与大陆边缘硅质岩值相当,表明这些硅质岩形成在明显受陆源物质影响与大陆边缘密切相关的环境。但不同岩块硅质岩的物源区仍存在一定差异。其中,与泥岩成互层产出的红色硅质岩的Th/Sc=0．56—4．35,具Eu负异常(Eu/Eu~*=0．56～0．71)明显的较陡右倾球粒陨石标准化稀土谱型(La_N/Yb_N=3．92～7．43),与分异岩浆弧源区特征类似,可能形成在相对近陆缘的弧前盆地,其源区物质主要来自分异岩浆弧。而成夹层产出于基性熔岩中的绿色硅质岩呈现为Eu负异常较弱(Eu/Eu~*=0．72～0．93)右倾较缓的稀土谱型(La_n/Yb_n=4．15～6．69),其Th/Sc=0．57～0．87,反映有洋内弧物质加入的影响,因此它们可能形成于相对远离大陆、除有未分异基性程度较高的洋内弧物质输入外,仍受到陆缘物质影响的有限洋盆环境。根据硅质岩晚古生代初的放射虫化石推断,该地区硅质岩在晚古生代初期形成,南天山构造带已进入板块汇聚俯冲消减洋盆萎缩的发展演化阶段。     

Site Response in Las Vegas Valley, Nevada from NTS Explosions and Earthquake Data

We report site response in Las Vegas Valley (LVV) from historical recordings of Nevada Test Site (NTS) nuclear explosions and earthquake recordings from permanent and temporary seismic stations. Our data set significantly improves the spatial coverage of LVV over previous studies, especially in the northern, deeper parts of the basin. Site response at stations in LVV was measured for frequencies in the range 0.2–5.0 Hz using Standard Spectral Ratios (SSR) and Horizontal-Vertical Spectral Ratios (HVR). For the SSR measurements we used a reference site (approximately NEHRP B ``rock' classification) located on Frenchman Mountain outside the basin. Site response at sedimentary sites is variable in LVV with average amplifications approaching a factor of 10 at some frequencies. We observed peaks in the site response curves at frequencies clustered near 0.6, 1.2 and 2.0 Hz, with some sites showing additional lower amplitude peaks at higher frequencies. The spatial pattern of site response is strongly correlated with the reported depth to basement for frequencies between 0.2 and 3.0 Hz, although the frequency of peak amplification does not show a similar correlation. For a few sites where we have geotechnical shear velocities, the amplification shows a correlation with the average upper 30-meter shear velocities, V₃₀. We performed two-dimensional finite difference simulations and reproduced the observed peak site amplifications at 0.6 and 1.2 Hz with a low velocity near-surface layer with shear velocities 600–750 m/s and a thickness of 100–200 m. These modeling results indicate that the amplitude and frequencies of site response peaks in LVV are strongly controlled by shallow velocity structure.