中国饮食文化的区域分化和发展趋势

现代地理学主要研究地球表层的“地体”与“地象”的区域特征和地域分异的时空发展规律。以食品和菜肴为“地体”，与餐饮有关的文化作为“地象”出发，本文通过饮食文化的地域分异、菜系的形成，中国四大菜系的比较研究，阐述中国饮食文化的区域特征和地域分化的时空发展规律，并预测其发展趋势。     

不同月海冰边界提取算法对南极海冰变化的影响分析

海冰与海水的交界地带是海-冰-气相互作用的重要区域,其变化会影响海洋生物栖息地的联通状态和海洋、大气的交换,确定海冰边界对于分析海冰动态变化具有重要意义[1-2]。被动微波传感器为长期监测海冰变化提供了大尺度的连续观测数据。从经典统计、随机集理论出发,应用三种由被动微波日均海冰密集度数据提取月均海冰边界的方法,分析三种月均边界的差异,以及不同月均边界提取方法对海冰长期变化分析的影响。     

Bias estimation and correction for triangle-based surface area calculations

The calculation of surface area is meaningful for a variety of space-filling phenomena, e.g., the packing of plants or animals within an area of land. With Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data we can calculate the surface area by using a continuous surface model, such as by the Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN). However, just as the triangle-based surface area discussed in this paper, the surface area is generally biased because it is a nonlinear mapping about the DEM data which contain measurement errors. To reduce the bias in the surface area, we propose a second-order bias correction by applying nonlinear error propagation to the triangle-based surface area. This process reveals that the random errors in the DEM data result in a bias in the triangle-based surface area while the systematic errors in the DEM data can be reduced by using the height differences. The bias is theoretically given by a probability integral which can be approximated by numerical approaches including the numerical integral and the Monte Carlo method; but these approaches need a theoretical distribution assumption about the DEM measurement errors, and have a very high computational cost. In most cases, we only have variance information on the measurement errors; thus, a bias estimation based on nonlinear error propagation is proposed. Based on the second-order bias estimation proposed, the variance of the surface area can be improved immediately by removing the bias from the original variance estimation. The main results are verified by the Monte Carlo method and by the numerical integral. They show that an unbiased surface area can be obtained by removing the proposed bias estimation from the triangle-based surface area originally calculated from the DEM data.     

Extracting urban areas in China using DMSP/OLS nighttime light data integrated with biophysical composition information

DMSP/OLS nighttime light (NTL) image is a widely used data source for urbanization studies. Although OLS NTL data are able to map nighttime luminosity, the identification accuracy of distribution of urban areas (UAD) is limited by the overestimation of the lit areas resulting from the coarse spatial resolution. In view of geographical condition, we integrate NTL with Biophysical Composition Index (BCI) and propose a new spectral index, the BCI Assisted NTL Index (BANI) to capture UAD. Comparisons between BANI approach and NDVI-assisted SVM classification are carried out using UAD extracted from Landsat TM/ETM+ data as reference. Results show that BANI is capable of improving the accuracy of UAD extraction using NTL data. The average overall accuracy (OA) and Kappa coefficient of sample cities increased from 88.53% to 95.10% and from 0.56 to 0.84, respectively. Moreover, with regard to cities with more mixed land covers, the accuracy of extraction results is high and the improvement is obvious. For other cities, the accuracy also increased to varying degrees. Hence, BANI approach could achieve better UAD extraction results compared with NDVI-assisted SVM method, suggesting that the proposed method is a reliable alternative method for a large-scale urbanization study in China’s mainland.     

科尔沁沙地春季冷锋过境的地面风况特征

对13个气象台站2014年5月上旬逐时风况的分析发现：（1）受高空槽和地面低压的影响,科尔沁沙地冷锋过境时瞬时风速8h内快速增加到10m·5s^-1以上,风向转为西北风;（2）上风向锡林郭勒草原的冷锋推进速度约为12.5m·5s^-1,科尔沁沙地主体部分则降到9.21m·5s^-1,总体推进速度因地而异;（3）风速的功率谱以大兴安岭东麓的林西县幅值最大,科尔沁左翼后旗最小;（4）沙地和草原两地区分别存在区域性10h、25h和2h、4h周期性,而冷锋过境引起的强风周期性不明显;（5）常年稳定而频繁的冷锋过境,不仅造成了沙丘的形态变化和不同程度的位移,而且还塑造和维持着该区沙丘群的多种空间格局。     

农户行为视角下的乡村生产空间系统运行机制及重构启示

农户行为转变是乡村生产空间系统量变或从量变到质变的重要驱动力,乡村生产空间系统的运行实质上是农户行为作用的外在表现,厘清农户行为可为诠释乡村生产空间系统的运行机制提供平台。本文在剖析农户行为转变与乡村生产空间系统运行响应的理论框架基础上,从农户行为转变和乡村生产空间系统响应入手构建指标体系,建立模糊综合评价量化模型,并以重庆市江津区恒和村作为实证,诠释乡村生产空间系统运行机制。主要研究结论为：不同农户行为对乡村生产空间系统运行的影响程度各异,大体为生产大户>合作社农户>传统农户;不同农户行为对系统运行响应结果的作用差异明显,生产大户行为主要影响乡村生产空间的利用效率,合作社农户行为对提升生产空间系统经济效益作用明显,传统农户行为对生产空间系统环境改善的贡献作用最小。并从经济、社会、空间重构视角提出发展多种形式的适度规模化经营、培育新型农业经营主体和职业农民、合理引导农户技术和资本投入等建议,以实现乡村生产空间系统协调与均衡发展。     

Early middle Holocene climate oscillations recorded in the Beihuqiao Core,Yuhang, Zhejiang Province,China

A long-standing controversy exists concerning the spatial and temporal characteristics of Holocene climate change in China. Zhejiang is located in the southeast of China, where the East Asian monsoon dominates the climate and a Neolithic culture flourished. In recent years, geographers have debated the climatic conditions existing at the time of the Neolithic cultures. This study reconstructed the sedimentary environment between 11.30 and 4.17 cal ka BP based on a multi-proxy analysis of a 14.3 meter sediment core, drilled in Beihuqiao, Zhejiang Province, China. The results show: (1) The climate was getting warm between 11.50 and 8.77 cal ka BP. Grain size became finer from the bottom to the top layer, accompanied by an increase in the chemical index of alteration (CIA), Mg/Sr ratio, the percentage of clay, pollen concentrations, and a decrease in SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratio, and the value of bases–alumina (ba), as well as other trace elements. (2) Between 8.77 and 7.99 cal ka BP, the sediment is composed of gray-yellow and gray silt. The percentage of CaO and the ratio of CaO + Na₂O + K₂O to Al₂O₃ is much higher. The pollen concentration sharply decreases. The climate was cold and dry in the early stages of this period, but became relatively warmer and wetter in the later stages. (3) The Holocene Climatic Optimum occurred at 7.99–5.68 cal ka BP. Higher contents of clay, total Fe₂O₃, Al₂O₃, CIA, the chemical proxy of alteration, pollen concentration, evergreen pollens, and high values of Mg/Sr are observed at this stage, coinciding with a lower SiO₂/Al₂O₃ value, (CaO + Na₂O + K₂O)/Al₂O₃ ratio, and an obvious reduction in silt/clay, and SiO₂ and CaO concentrations. (4) During the period 5.68–4.17 cal ka BP, the temperature in the study area declined in a stepwise fashion. The grain size became finer, and the Mg/Sr ratio decreased gradually.     

玉米秸秆带状覆盖对西北旱地土壤温度及马铃薯产量的影响

设黑膜大垄（M1）、玉米秸秆带状平覆（M2）、玉米秸秆带状垄沟覆杆（M3）和不覆盖露地平作（CK）4个处理进行田间小区试验,对比研究不同覆盖方式对西北旱地土壤温度及马铃薯产量的影响。结果表明：M1较CK提高全生育期土壤温度0.98℃,主要提高了块茎膨大期5 cm土层（2015年）及淀粉积累期10 cm土层（2016年）的土壤温度;M2、M3较CK降低全生育期土壤温度1.06℃、0.59℃,主要降低了块茎形成期10 cm土层的土壤温度。两年M1、M2、M3分别平均较CK增产11.68%、21.74%、16.88%。产量与淀粉积累期至收获期单株结薯数、单株产量正相关（r=0.064~0.766）,覆盖处理显著较CK提高淀粉积累期单株结薯数及单株产量,平水年以M1最好,偏旱年以M2最好。     

长江上游防护林体系建设要点

本区防护林体系的建设目标是:改善生态环境,发展山区经济。人口稠密区防护林体系建设成败的关健在于:能否掌握生态生产双重功能,是否具有生态社会经济三大效益。为此进行了防护林体系分类,提出了林种的生态功能指标和生产功能指标。防护林体系的生态经济分区要研究生态经济系绽的地域差异,有助于发挥各个林种的生态生产双重功能,是建设防护林体系的重要途径,为合理布局提供科学依据。     

论十九世纪德国地理学的统一性观点

“地理学要免被瓜分,就要坚持它的中心原则,这个原则就是各种自然现象和形态同人类的相关。”欧洲古希腊、罗马时代的光辉地理思想经历中世纪黑暗时代的长期窒息,其生命力日见衰竭。十六世纪的地理大发现与文艺复兴使人们的眼光既回顾到古希腊时代的地理观念,又萌生出对于地理学探讨的浓厚兴趣。但十九世纪之前的地理研究大多是抽象的哲理性的探讨和单纯的地理资料的堆砌。十九世纪以德国地理学为代表的欧洲地理学,由于洪堡和李特尔等人的富有创造性的工作,赋予了地理学以新的生机和新的个性,井促使其迅猛发展。本文旨在通过对当时哲学和自然科学发展情况的分析,论述这一时期德国地理学统一性观点的确立。