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71.
Textural and chemical features of five coarse-grained, calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions from the Allende meteorite indicate that some of the melilite in these inclusions was formed by a secondary metamorphic event and not by primary crystallization from a melt or by a sequential nebular condensation process. These inclusions contain embayed pyroxene surrounded by melilite. Physically separated pyroxene crystals are often in optical continuity indicating that they were once part of larger single crystals that have been partly replaced by melilite. Other evidences of metamorphism include reaction textures between melilite and spinel, and metamorphic textures such as kink-band-like features, lobate sutured grain boundaries, and 120° triple-points. This type of metamorphic process requires the addition of Ca which we propose came from calcite or by introduction of a fluid phase. We believe that the most likely environment for this metamorphic process is on a small planetary body, and not in the solar nebula. The results of this study are compatible with oxygen isotopic heterogeneities within CAI, and provide a mechanism for producing lower temperature alteration phases and the rim phases found in these inclusions. We conclude that planetary processes must thus be considered in the formation history of CAI, and that it is necessary to reconsider the classification system of these objects in light of the replacement process proposed here. 相似文献
72.
Barbara Seth Richard A. Armstrong Annett Büttner Igor M. Villa 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2005,230(3-4):355-378
This study presents the chronological evolution of the upper amphibolite facies Orue Unit in NW Namibia. Metasedimentary and meta-igneous rocks of the Orue Unit were investigated using the Pb–Pb stepwise leaching technique on garnet and rutile, U–Pb multi-grain analysis on rutile, Sm–Nd–Lu–Hf leaching technique on garnet, SHRIMP analysis on zircon and Ar–Ar dating on amphibole. Each of these techniques pertains to different processes that occurred before, during, or after the metamorphic peak. Our age data can be integrated with petrological constraints to provide a more complete understanding of the metamorphic cycle. Our pre-peak metamorphic zircon ages, peak metamorphic garnet ages and peak to late peak metamorphic amphibole 39Ar–40Ar ages bracket the upper amphibolite facies metamorphic event including hydration or dehydration processes into a time span of only ca. 20 Ma. The age data obtained by peak metamorphic mineral analyses cluster around 1340–1320 Ma. Based on age data and field observation, we interpret the upper amphibolite facies metamorphism as a large-scale regional mid-crustal event. Spot analyses of inherited zircon cores obtained by SHRIMP reflect the sedimentary origin of the respective rocks of the Orue Unit and derivation from Palaeoproterozoic protoliths. The metamorphic rocks south of the anorthositic Kunene Intrusive Complex (KIC) have previously been ascribed to the Palaeoproterozoic Epupa Complex at the SW margin of the Congo craton and were thus thought to be older than the Mesoproterozoic KIC. Our data show that the high-grade metamorphic overprint took place 30–50 Ma after emplacement of the KIC. Rutile growth ages of 1248 Ma in one sample reflect fluid activity which seems to be a local phenomenon since there is no other evidence of geological activity throughout the Orue Unit at that time. The rutile ages predate the emplacement of satellite intrusions in that area by 30 Ma and there is no causal relation between these two events. 相似文献
73.
74.
Comparing the robustness of ordinary kriging and lognormal kriging: Outlier resistance 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ordinary kriging is well-known to be optimal when the data have a multivariate normal distribution (and if the variogram is known), whereas lognormal kriging presupposes the multivariate lognormality of the data. But in practice, real data never entirely satisfy these assumptions. In this article, the sensitivity of these two kriging estimators to departures from these assumptions and in particular, their resistance to outliers is considered. An outlier effect index designed to assess the effect of a single outlier on both estimators is proposed, which can be extended to other types of estimators. Although lognormal kriging is sensitive to slight variations in the sill of the variogram of the logs (i.e., their variance), it is not influenced by the estimate of the mean of the logs.This paper was presented at MGUS 87 Conference, Redwood City, California, 14 April 1987. 相似文献
75.
76.
Stephan Königer Volker Lorenz Harald Stollhofen Richard A. Armstrong 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2002,91(2):341-356
Thin, widespread, fallout tuff layers interbedded within fluvio-lacustrine successions of the Carboniferous-Permian Saar-Nahe Basin provide important tephrostratigraphic markers. In addition, radiogeochronometric data derived from the tuffs serve as calibration points for the adjustment to regional chronostratigraphy and to numerical time scales. The Pappelberg-Tuff in the Meisenheim Formation (Glan Group) has been dated by U/Pb zircon SHRIMP technique at 297.0Dž.2 Ma. Taking the Carboniferous/Permian boundary at 296 Ma, the Meisenheim Formation coincides approximately with this boundary. Consequently, underlying strata, lithostratigraphically regarded as the basal part of the 'Rotliegend', chronostratigraphically belong to the Upper Carboniferous. Bed thicknesses, grain size and sorting characteristics of the tuffs and the absence of contemporaneously emplaced volcanics within the Saar-Nahe Basin point to an extrabasinal derivation of the wind-drifted volcanic ash. Decreasing grain sizes of juvenile pyroclastic particles towards the north suggest source areas south of the basin within 300 km distance. The majority of the tuffs are rhyolitic to rhyodacitic and indicate petrographic and geochemical affinities to Moldanubian S-type granitoids, in particular to highly differentiated two-mica granites, and related volcanic effusives. Within the time frame considered here, such potential source rocks were emplaced in the northern and central Black Forest (SW Germany) and the northern Vosges (E France) at 100-150 km distance south of the Saar-Nahe Basin. 相似文献
77.
The solubility behavior of K2O, Na2O, Al2O3, and SiO2 in silicate-saturated aqueous fluid and coexisting H2O-saturated silicate melts in the systems K2O-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O and Na2O-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O has been examined in the 1- to 2-GPa pressure range at 1100°C. Glasses of Na- and K-tetrasilicate compositions with 0, 3, and 6 mol% Al2O3 were used as starting materials. In both systems, the oxides dissolve incongruently in aqueous fluid and silicate melt. When recalculated to an anhydrous basis, the aqueous fluids are enriched in alkalis and depleted in silica and alumina relative to their proportions in the starting materials. The extent of incongruency is more pronounced in the Na2O-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O system than in the K2O-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O system.The partition coefficients of the oxides, Doxidefluid/melt, are linear and positive functions of the oxide concentration in the fluid for each composition. There is a slight dependence of the partition coefficients on bulk composition. No effect of pressure could be discerned. For alkali metals, the fluid/melt partition coefficients range from 0.06 to 0.8. For Al2O3 this range is 0.01 to 0.2, and for SiO2, it is 0.01 to 0.32. For all compositions, DK2Ofluid/melt∼DNa2Ofluid/melt>DSiO2fluid/melt>DAl2O3fluid/melt for the same oxide concentration in the fluid. DK2Ofluid/melt, DNa2Ofluid/melt, and DSiO2fluid/melt correlate negatively with the Al2O3 content of the systems. This correlation is consistent with a solubility model of alkalis that involve associated KOH°, NaOH°, silicate, and aluminate complexes. 相似文献
78.
79.
Raehee Han Jin-Han Ree Deung-Lyong Cho Sung-Tack Kwon Richard Armstrong 《Gondwana Research》2006,9(1-2):106
The Bansong Group (Daedong Supergroup) in the Korean peninsula has long been considered to be an important time marker for two well-known orogenies, in that it was deposited after the Songnim orogeny (Permian–Triassic collision of the North and South China blocks) but was deformed during the Early to Middle Jurassic Daebo tectonic event. Here we present a new interpretation on the origin of the Bansong Group and associated faults on the basis of structural and geochronological data. SHRIMP (Sensitive High-Resolution Ion MicroProbe) U–Pb zircon age determination of two felsic pyroclastic rocks from the Bansong Group formed in the foreland basin of the Gongsuweon thrust in the Taebaeksan Basin yielded ages of 186.3 ± 1.5 and 187.2 ± 1.5 Ma, respectively, indicating the deposition of the Bansong Group during the late Early Jurassic. Inherited zircon component indicates ca. 1.9 Ga source material for the volcanic rocks, agreeing with known basement ages.The Bansong Group represents syntectonic sedimentation during the late Early Jurassic in a compressional regime. During the Daebo tectonic event, the northeast-trending regional folds and thrusts including the Deokpori (Gakdong) and Gongsuweon thrusts with a southeast vergence developed in the Taebaeksan Basin. This is ascribed to deformation in a continental-arc setting due to the northwesterly orthogonal convergence of the Izanagi plate on the Asiatic margin, which occurred immediately after the juxtaposition of the Taebaeksan Basin against the Okcheon Basin in the late stage of the Songnim orogeny. Thus, the Deokpori thrust is not a continental transform fault between the North and South China blocks, but an “intracontinental” thrust that developed after their juxtaposition. 相似文献
80.
Residual eddies in a tidal channel 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Persistent residual eddies in a tidal channel in Wassaw Sound, Georgia, were resolved through shipboard observations. The
residual eddies appear to be linked to bathymetry and coastlines. The semidiurnal tidal constituent, which explains about
90% of the variability of the data, was found to be a standing wave and the tidal wave propagation induced residual flow was
minimal, so the advective nonlinearity was one of the major contributors to the residual eddies. From the vorticity point
of view, if the lateral friction is neglected, three terms contribute to the generation of the relative vorticity in the depth-averaged
vorticity equation. An important fact is that all these terms include the depth function: the interaction between the advection
and bathymetry gradient, the interaction between advection and bathymetry, and the interaction between mean pressure gradient
and the bathymetry gradient. 相似文献