Deformability characteristics of brazilian laterites

This paper summarizes the resilient and permanent deformation characteristics of laterite gravels, determined by cyclic loading in triaxial tests of compacted specimens. A study of laterite pavements was carried out on eight paved road sections in the state of Mato Grosso. Also reported is the influence of fine sand admixture, specimen size and soaking in two laterite samples from Roraima and Rondônia in the North of Brazil. The experimental relationships of resilient moduli against applied stresses are interpreted empirically for models what may be incorporated in a structural analysis of full depth of laterite pavement.     

法国国家测绘局（IGN）述评

法国是世界测绘强国之一。法国国家测绘局（IGN）是法国测绘的领导机构。本文介绍了IGN的概况，并对IGN大地测量、地图制图、对外服务、研究机构等情况作了较详细的描述。在此基础上对IGN的未来发展特点提出了几点看法。     

Determination of Area-Averaged Water Vapour Fluxes with Large Aperture and Radio Wave Scintillometers over a Heterogeneous Surface – Flevoland Field Experiment

A large aperture scintillometer (LAS) andradio wave scintillometer (RWS)were installed over a heterogeneous areato test the applicability of the scintillation method.The heterogeneity in the area, whichconsisted of many plots, was mainly caused bydifferences in thermal properties ofthe crops; the variations in theaerodynamic roughness lengthwere small. The water vapour fluxesderived from the combined LAS-RWSsystem, also known as the two-wavelengthmethod, agreed fairly well with the aggregatedwater vapour fluxes derived from in-situeddy covariance measurements. The water vapourfluxes derived from a stand-alone LASare also presented. It was found that a single LASand an estimate of the area averagedavailable energy (using a simple parameterisationscheme) can provide also reasonablearea-averaged water vapour fluxes.     

鄂尔多斯古生界流体包裹体特征及其与油气演化关系

对鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系碳酸盐岩、石炭-二叠系石英砂岩成岩作用研究的基础上,分别对上述岩石流体包裹体作了初步研究。奥陶系碳酸盐岩包裹体均一温度具有三个区段 :6 0～ 10 0℃,10 0～ 16 0℃,16 0～ 2 2 0℃;石炭-二叠系石英砂岩包裹体均一温度三个区段为 90～ 110℃,12 0～ 14 0℃,16 0～ 2 2 0℃。并利用包裹体测温资料结合已有的镜质体反射率、磷灰石裂变径迹等研究成果,对流体包裹体在鄂尔多斯盆地油气田形成、演化中应用作了初步探讨。     

华北地层大区寒武纪早期地层统一划分与对比问题

基于华北地层大区数百条寒武纪早期地层剖面与安徽淮南地区基准层序(2组2亚组15段1个亚段)和带序(6个三叶虫带)的确切对比,编制了新的沉积分区图;依据有无猴家山组和馒头组下亚组是否完整,划分出5个沉积区;讨论了各区与基准层序-带序的对比;明确了各地方性岩石地层单位(五山组、李官组、碱厂组、辛集组、朱砂洞组、苏峪口组、五道淌组、昌平组、府君山组、老庄户组、水洞组、黑沟组等)的层位归属(具体至段),确认与寒武纪早期地层有关的3个沉积间断(皖北上升、豫陕上升和燕辽上升),归属于重新厘定的蓟县运动的3个期次.     

裂隙型单斜介质中弹性系数的计算及波的传播特性研究

根据Hudson等关于裂隙介质弹性系数计算的扰动理论及Bond变换矩阵原理，给出了各向同性介质中含多组垂直裂隙时等效弹性系数的计算方法。计算了含两组斜交的垂直裂隙形成的单斜各向异性介质中的等效弹性系数，并根据Christoffel方程推导、得出水平面内平面波传播的相速度和群速度随方位变化的特性。     

Denudation and cooling of the Lake Teletskoye Region in the Altai Mountains (South Siberia) as revealed by apatite fission-track thermochronology

Lake Teletskoye occupies a narrow graben located in the northwestern sector of the Altai fold belt in South Siberia. The lake basin is thought to have formed during the Pleistocene as a distant result of the Cenozoic collision of India and Eurasia that caused a tectonic reactivation of the Palaeozoic Gorny–Altai (GA) and West Sayan (WS) blocks.The present work reports of a pilot fission-track study performed on 13 apatite separates collected from rocks that were sampled along two profiles in close proximity of the lake. The age–length data and AFT thermochronological modelling reveal two important phases of cooling in the Altai Mountains, a first one during the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous and a second one that started in the Miocene–Pliocene and that persists until today. The first event is interpreted to result from uplift-induced denudation probably related to the closure of the Mongol–Okhotsk Ocean; the second event can be linked to the young Cenozoic movements that lie at the origin of the formation of the Lake Teletskoye basin.     

Al hematites prepared by homogeneous precipitation of oxinates: material characterization and determination of the Morin transition

A novel method for synthesis of aluminium hematites, based upon the homogeneous precipitation of Fe and Al oxinates in various proportions, is presented. The precursor precipitates are heated in air at 700?°C. X-ray diffraction, thermal analyses, BET, FTIR, optical reflection analysis, TEM and Mössbauer spectroscopy at room temperature and 80?K of the resulting products indicate that single-phase hematites are formed with structural Al substitution of up to 10 at%. Interestingly, the particle size (>100?nm) is not substantially reduced by the Al content. Although it remains difficult to obtain a homogeneously distributed Al substitution in the final hematite, this processing line offers a unique opportunity to separate the effects of grain size and Al substitution on the Morin transition temperature (T _M) of Al hematite. From the comparison between the present hematites and a series of Al-substituted hematites with lepidocrocite as precursor, it could be shown that the effect on T _M, associated with a change of a factor 10 in grain size, is about 1/3 of the effect caused by a change of 10 in the degree of substitution. Finally, it is suggested that proper thermal treatments under different conditions of the same precursors are likely to produce spinel phases.     

Milan: The city of constant renewal

Traditional models of urban development are no longer adequate to describe current metropolitan transformations. These are now at the centre of a debate concerning management and administration. In Italy, delays in resolving problems of urban and metropolitan government, despite the legal framework provided by Law 142/90, have weighed heavily on the larger urban areas of the country: Rome, Naples, Milan, which have not been able to tackle the issue of metropolitan government. Recent legislation, while not providing a pre-defined institutional solution, allows separate administrative districts to collectively establish metropolitan institutions of `variable geometry'. The Milan urban area is not one city, but a system of mutually-dependent cities, linked to each other and the rest of the world by a transport network still requiring much investment. The vitality of its economic structure (especially its small firms) is held back by seriously inadequate infrastructure and low external economic efficiency. The provincial capital may boast `historic centrality' but the most interesting potential for development is to be found on the periphery and in the administrative districts immediately surrounding it, in the recovery of derelict industrial areas and dormitory towns established in the 1950s and 1960s, especially to the north. Recovery of derelict areas, green areas, and better transport links within the urban area and with the outside world are the key elements in the reorganization of `Greater Milan'. In this situation of rapid transformation the most appropriate political strategies involve negotiated planning. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.