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881.
A global hybrid coupled model is developed, with the aim of studying the effects of ocean-atmosphere feedbacks on the stability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. The model includes a global ocean general circulation model and a statistical atmosphere model. The statistical atmosphere model is based on linear regressions of data from a fully coupled climate model on sea surface temperature both locally and hemispherically averaged, being the footprint of Atlantic meridional overturning variability. It provides dynamic boundary conditions to the ocean model for heat, freshwater and wind-stress. A basic but consistent representation of ocean-atmosphere feedbacks is captured in the hybrid coupled model and it is more than 10 times faster than the fully coupled climate model. The hybrid coupled model reaches a steady state with a climate close to the one of the fully coupled climate model, and the two models also have a similar response (collapse) of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation to a freshwater hosing applied in the northern North Atlantic. 相似文献
882.
The impact of climatic changes that occurred during the last glacial maximum and the Holocene on vegetation changes in the Amazon Basin and the Guiana Shield are still widely debated. The aim of our study was to investigate whether major changes in vegetation (i.e. transitions between rainforests and C4 savannas) occurred in northern French Guiana during the Holocene. We measured variations in the δ13C of soil organic matter at eight sites now occupied by forest or savannah. The forest sites were selected to cover two regions (forest refugia and peneplains) which are thought to have experienced different intensities of disturbance during the latest Pleistocene and the Holocene. We found that none of the forest sites underwent major disturbances during the Holocene, i.e. they were not replaced by C4 savannahs or C4 forest savannahs for long periods. Our results thus suggest that tropical rainforests in northern French Guiana were resilient to drier climatic conditions during the Holocene. Nevertheless, geographical and vertical variations in the 13C of SOM were compatible with minor changes in vegetation, variations in soil processes or in soil physical properties. 相似文献
883.
884.
Andrea Seelenfreund Mario Pino Michael D. Glascock Carole Sinclaire Pedro Miranda Denisse Pasten Simn Cancino María Ins Dinator Jos Roberto Morales 《Geoarchaeology》2010,25(2):245-263
This paper describes a large obsidian deposit located along the southern banks of Laguna Blanca, on the eastern slope of the Jarellón volcanic caldera near the Chilean–Bolivian border. The obsidian at this site occurs in flows or sheets of deflated black or reddish to brown pebbles, redeposited on the shores of a lake. Blocks of obsidian are only found around the caldera rim. Here we analyze the shape of the obsidian pebbles and their geochemistry, comparing them with previously published data. The results indicate that the geochemical composition of the samples strongly matches previous analyses of obsidian from cultural contexts. This obsidian source was one of the most important sites of obsidian procurement since at least the Formative Period in the Atacama Puna region. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
885.
Scales as a challenge for vulnerability assessment 总被引:4,自引:4,他引:0
The aim of this paper is to introduce scale as a basic tool for improving the conceptual structure of vulnerability assessments.
The terminology useful for vulnerability assessments and the current use of scale issues in theoretical vulnerability frameworks
will be discussed briefly. Two case studies working on sub-national and on local level will demonstrate problems as well as
benefits resulting from scale implications. Both assessments analyse vulnerability in context to river floods in Germany.
In order to develop a spatial comparison and to integrate topics like environment and society, vulnerability assessments need
to be aware of scale implications. The main point is that a scale debate on a broader spectrum than just in technical spatial
terms is missing in vulnerability and risk conceptualisations so far. Vulnerability assessments and scale are highly intertwined,
not only in technical application but also in conceptualisation, which needs more scientific development. 相似文献
886.
Fabrice G. Renaud Jörn Birkmann Marion Damm Gilberto C. Gallopín 《Natural Hazards》2010,55(3):749-763
External suffusion, as selective erosion of fine particles through the contact with a coarser layer and moving away, is an
important phenomenon in dams which may lead to their failure. To study the initiation of external suffusion, caused by water
level increase upstream the dam, a series of experimental investigations were conducted on laboratory-scale model, in the
hydrodynamic laboratory of école polytechnique de Montreal. On the built model, clay/moraine formed the core, sand was used
as a filter and gravel performed the role of the pervious layer. Several different models (in geometry and constituent materials)
were built and subjected to the water level increase upstream, which resulted in changes in the hydraulic gradient. The results
showed no evidence of considerable suffusion on the clay/moraine and sand interface, while the visual and quantitative data
show the presence of suffusion on the sand and gravel interface. The results of the experiments show that, when focusing on
the critical hydraulic gradient that initiates the movement of the clay/moraine particles, it can be concluded that despite
the differences in test conditions, the critical hydraulic gradient has approximately the same value in all cases. It was
also shown that increasing the length of the filter layer or applying stair-like slopes does not have great impacts on the
initiation of suffusion, whereas the gravel-size distribution has a great impact on the erosion rate. 相似文献
887.
Petrogenesis of a basalt-comendite-pantellerite rock suite: the Boseti Volcanic Complex (Main Ethiopian Rift) 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Fiorenzo Ronga Michele Lustrino Andrea Marzoli Leone Melluso 《Mineralogy and Petrology》2010,98(1-4):227-243
Petrological and geochemical data for basic (alkali basalts and hawaiites) and silicic peralkaline rocks, plus rare intermediate products (mugearites and benmoreites) from the Pleistocene Boseti volcanic complex (Main Ethiopian Rift, East Africa) are reported in this work. The basalts are slightly alkaline or transitional, have peaks at Ba and Nb in the mantle-normalized diagrams and relatively low 87Sr/86Sr (0.7039–0.7044). The silicic rocks (pantellerites and comendites) are rich in sanidine and anorthoclase, with mafic phases being represented by fayalite-rich olivine, opaque oxides, aenigmatite and slightly Na-rich ferroaugite (ferrohedenbergite). These rocks were generated after prolonged fractional crystallization process (up to 90–95 %) starting from basaltic parent magmas at shallow depths and fO2 conditions near the QFM buffer. The apparent Daly Gap between mafic and evolved Boseti rocks is explained with a model involving the silicic products filling upper crustal magma chambers and erupted preferentially with respect to basic and intermediate products. Evolved liquids could have been the only magmas which filled the uppermost magma reservoirs in the crust, thus giving time to evolve towards Rb-, Zr- and Nb-rich peralkaline rhyolites in broadly closed systems. 相似文献
888.
Andrea Caburlotto R. G. Lucchi L. De Santis P. Macr�� R. Tolotti 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2010,99(4):909-926
Four sediment cores were analysed in order to determine the sedimentary processes associated with the channel-ridge depositional
system that characterise the George V Land continental margin on the Wilkes Land. The sedimentary record indicates that the
WEGA channel was a dynamic turbiditic system up to M.I.S. 11. After this time, the channel became a lower-energy environment
with sediments delivered to the channel through high-density bottom waters that we identify to be the high salinity shelf
waters (HSSW) forming on the shelf area. The HSSW entrains the fine-grained sediments of the shelf area and deliver them to
the continental rise. The biostratigraphy and facies of the sediments within the WEGA channel indicate that the HSSW down
flow was active also during last glacial. The change from a turbiditic system to a low-energy bottom current system within
the WEGA channel likely reflects a different ice-flow pattern, with ice-sheet reaching the continental shelf edge only within
the ice trough (ice stream). 相似文献
889.
Robert J. Orth Michael R. Williams Scott R. Marion David J. Wilcox Tim J. B. Carruthers Kenneth A. Moore W. Michael Kemp William C. Dennison Nancy Rybicki Peter Bergstrom Richard A. Batiuk 《Estuaries and Coasts》2010,33(5):1144-1163
Chesapeake Bay supports a diverse assemblage of marine and freshwater species of submersed aquatic vegetation (SAV) whose broad distributions are generally constrained by salinity. An annual aerial SAV monitoring program and a bi-monthly to monthly water quality monitoring program have been conducted throughout Chesapeake Bay since 1984. We performed an analysis of SAV abundance and up to 22 environmental variables potentially influencing SAV growth and abundance (1984–2006). Historically, SAV abundance has changed dramatically in Chesapeake Bay, and since 1984, when SAV abundance was at historic low levels, SAV has exhibited complex changes including long-term (decadal) increases and decreases, as well as some large, single-year changes. Chesapeake Bay SAV was grouped into three broad-scale community-types based on salinity regime, each with their own distinct group of species, and detailed analyses were conducted on these three community-types as well as on seven distinct case-study areas spanning the three salinity regimes. Different trends in SAV abundance were evident in the different salinity regimes. SAV abundance has (a) continually increased in the low-salinity region; (b) increased initially in the medium-salinity region, followed by fluctuating abundances; and (c) increased initially in the high-salinity region, followed by a subsequent decline. In all areas, consistent negative correlations between measures of SAV abundance and nitrogen loads or concentrations suggest that meadows are responsive to changes in inputs of nitrogen. For smaller case-study areas, different trends in SAV abundance were also noted including correlations to water clarity in high-salinity case-study areas, but nitrogen was highly correlated in all areas. Current maximum SAV coverage for almost all areas remain below restoration targets, indicating that SAV abundance and associated ecosystem services are currently limited by continued poor water quality, and specifically high nutrient concentrations, within Chesapeake Bay. The nutrient reductions noted in some tributaries, which were highly correlated to increases in SAV abundance, suggest management activities have already contributed to SAV increases in some areas, but the strong negative correlation throughout the Chesapeake Bay between nitrogen and SAV abundance also suggests that further nutrient reductions will be necessary for SAV to attain or exceed restoration targets throughout the bay. 相似文献
890.
Reinhard Jung Marion Schindler Patrick Nami Torsten Tischner 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2010,342(7-8):636-643
The article presents a method to derive synthetic flow logs from low rate injection tests in wells, which are otherwise not accessible for logging. The tests were carried out in the 5 km deep geothermal well GPK2 in the Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS) project of Soultz-sous-Forêts (France) and were aimed at characterizing the status of the well before chemical treatments. The method consists of injecting water at constant flow rates into the well initially filled with brine. The wellhead pressure record of this test is transformed into log of the flow velocity versus depth by a technique described in the paper. Applying this method to borehole GPK2, three outlets could be detected and quantified within the cased and uncased section of this borehole. The outlet in the cased section at 3860 m absorbed 15% of the total flow. This depth corresponds to a known casing restriction, which makes the borehole inaccessible for logging operations. The two other outlets are at the casing shoe at 4420 m (15%) and at 4670 m (70%). 相似文献