Wetlands of Northeast Asia and High Asia: an overview

This review reports background information on wetlands in the Northeast Asia and High Asia areas, including wetland coverage and type, significance for local populations, and threats to their vitality and protection, with particular focus on the relationship of how global change influenced wetlands. Natural wetlands in these areas have been greatly depleted and degraded, largely due to global climate change, drainage and conversion to agriculture and silviculture, hydrologic alterations, exotics invasions, and misguided management policies. Global warming has caused wetland and ice-sheet loss in High Asia and permafrost thawing in tundra wetlands in Northeast Asia, and hence induced enormous reductions in water-storage sources in High Asia and carbon loss in Northeast Asia. This, in the long term, will exacerbate chronic water shortage and positively feed back global warming. Recently, better understanding of the vital role of healthy wetland ecosystems to Asia’s sustainable economic development has led to major efforts in wetland conservation and restoration. Nonetheless, collaborative efforts to restore and protect the wetlands must involve not only the countries of Northeast and High Asia but also international agencies. Research has been productive but the results should be more effectively integrated with policy-making and wetland restoration practices under future climatic scenarios.     

北京举办"863"计划成就展览海洋高技术发展取得瞩目成就

2月26日,在北京展览馆举办的由科技部、解放军总装备部主办,科技部高技术研究发展中心承办的“863”计划15年成就展览,展示了我国实施这一计划15周年取得的丰硕成果。海洋高技术是国家高技术研究开发计划的重要组成部分。展览会上,参观者们饶有兴趣地参观了令人瞩目的海洋高技术。 发展海洋高技术,是揭示海洋奥秘、维护海     

地基GPS水汽总量在人工增雨中的应用

利用成都市地基GPS综合应用网的观测数据,反演出大气水汽总量,并结合多普勒天气雷达探测的垂直积分液态水含量(VIL),分析了这两种新型大气水汽探测资料在人工影响天气作业中的变化特征,初步得出了GPS大气水汽总量(GPS PWV)与人影作业前后降雨量的关系。研究表明:GPS PWV与人工增雨过程有较好的对应关系,人影作业后1～3h伴随小时雨量的增大GPS PWV有下降,体现了催化剂将空中部分冰面过饱和水汽凝华核化转化为降水过程。GPS反演的水汽资料结合新一代多普勒天气雷达探测的液态水资料在指导人工影响天气作业和短临天气预报方面具有良好的应用前景。     

中国对虾幼体期视觉器官的发育

于１９９４年３－５月，以中国对虾无节幼体６个亚期，蚤状幼体３个亚期，糖虾幼体３个亚期及仔虾各时期的幼体为材料，用日产Ｏｌｙｍｐｕｓ万能研究显微镜观察研究各期幼体单眼及复眼的发育。结果表明：在中国对虾无节幼体Ｎ１－Ｎ６６个亚期，单眼的两侧均有复眼的原基组织。     

东亚大陆地震的地球自转动力观测资料分析

东亚大陆大地震的活动带走向、活动方式、震源主压应力方向、总迁移方向,沿纬度的分布和发震频度随时间的变化,均与地球自转速率变化有成因联系。本文从地球自转加速、减速、匀速的变化趋势进行这方面的观测资料分析,证明地球速率变化是东亚大陆地震的基本动力来源     

多普勒天气雷达高速数据采集系统的设计

多普勒天气雷达需要一个高速数据采集系统,以实现大量的基数据到微机中的实时传输,同时将控制命令传送到雷达处理器中。利用FPGA器件zynq-7000具有片上系统(SOC)的结构特点,构建一个具有高速传输功能的典型信号处理系统。采用千兆以太网芯片88E1518作为数据传输接口,以内嵌的Cortex-A9处理器作为接口的配置和控制部件,通过裁剪和重构Linux操作系统运行由C语言开发的软件应用系统程序代码,实现千兆以太网接口以及数据传输与命令交互功能。有限次实验和测试结果表明,采集系统容易达到640Mbps的数据传输速率,满足雷达数据采集的需求,未出现性能不稳定现象。     

新疆克拉玛依油田一中区克拉玛依组辫状河储层砂体类型及分布特征

通过露头实测、岩心观察及测录井资料分析等结果表明,克拉玛依油田一中区克拉玛依组S7、S5和S4砂层组沉积时期以发育辫状河为特征,可进一步划分为近源砾质辫状河、远源砾质辫状河和砂质辫状河沉积3种类型。上述3种类型的辫状河沉积在沉积特征、河道空间叠置样式及组合关系等方面存在明显的差异。近源砾质辫状河河道岩性以砾岩为主,为中孔低渗储层。单河道沉积厚度2~4.5m,宽度500~800m,表现为河道-河道直接接触的连片组合方式;远源砾质辫状河河道岩性仍以砾岩为主,含少量砂岩,物性较近源砾质辫状河略好,为中孔低渗储层。单河道沉积厚度为1.5~4m,河道砂体宽度400~750m,表现为河道-溢岸-河道的连片组合方式;砂质辫状河河道岩性以砂岩为主,为中孔低渗储层,物性优于砾质辫状河。单层厚度为0.5~2.5m,宽度为300~700m,但河道沉积分布范围有限,河道之间多为带状或交织带状组合方式。根据上述对比分析认为砾质辫状河河道砂体虽然物性相对较差、非均质性较强,但砂体厚度大、分布广泛、连通性好,目前为全区主要油气开发的目的层;砂质辫状河河道砂体尽管物性较好,但由于厚度较薄,分布局限,仅在东部地区其累计厚度较大,当与其它成藏条件匹配时,可形成具有开发潜力的目的层。     

冲绳海槽中部Jade热液区热液沉积物中Ag的富集成矿作用

冲绳海槽Jade热液活动区热液沉积物主要以块状硫化物和硫酸盐矿物为主。与其它热液活动区相比,本区的热液沉积物以富含Pb和Ag等元素为特征。电子探针和中子活化的分析结果表明,在块状硫化物矿石中,Ag主要以分散态富集在粗粒硫化物和细粒硫化物集合体中,在热液活动的早期和晚期均有Ag的富集。在以硬石膏为主的块状矿石中,Ag主要在细粒硫化物集合体中富集,其富集成矿的时间为热液活动的中后期,富集成矿温度在150℃以上。在重晶石为主的块状矿石中,Ag主要以颗粒状自然银的形式在热液活动后期富集成矿,其成矿温度低于160℃。     

土壤—作物系统中硒的地球化学特征及影响因素研究(代序2)

硒是人体和动物必需的微量元素,而植物硒是人体摄入硒的重要来源。探究土壤-作物系统中硒的地球化学特征及其影响因素,从土壤地球化学的角度评价硒的生物有效性、进而建立富硒农作物模型具有重要意义。本文描述了世界和中国土壤中硒含量的分布情况,并从成土母质和土壤理化性质方面分析土壤中硒含量的影响因素。由于土壤中的硒形态是评价土壤硒生物有效性的关键,本文对土壤生物有效性硒的提取方法进行评述,且从土壤硒的赋存形态、土壤生物有效性硒的主控因素出发,探究土壤理化性质对农作物吸收硒的影响。此外,本文归纳总结了基于土壤理化性质的农作物硒含量回归模型,旨在分析农作物硒含量的主要影响因素,并以此预测农作物中的硒含量。     

Variability of East Asian Winter Monsoon in Quaternary Climatic Extremes in North China

In order to examine high-frequency variations of East Asian winter monsoon in Quaternary climatic extremes, two typical loess–paleosol sequences in the Chinese Loess Plateau were investigated. Sandy layers in the loess deposits, the “Upper sand” and “Lower sand” (layers L9 and L15, respectively), which represent a high-resolution record of paleomonsoon changes, have been sampled at intervals of 5–6 cm from sections at Luochuan and Xifeng. The grain size and magnetic susceptibility was measured for all samples. The grain-size results (a proxy of winter monsoon strength) indicate that the winter monsoon strength fluctuated on a millennial timescale during cold climatic extremes, with climatic events of a few hundred to a few thousand years. However, the winter monsoon was relatively stable during warm periods. The magnetic susceptibility signal (a proxy of summer monsoon intensity) is practically constant over the same period. This is tentatively explained by the assumption that the summer monsoon intensity was too low to be recorded in the magnetic susceptibility signal. The intensified winter monsoon events show periodicities in a range of 1000 to 2770 yr, with a dominant cycle of approximately 1450 yr. The detection of this oscillation in older glacial stages strongly suggests that it may be a pervasive cycle of the cold climatic phases of the Quaternary. Millennial-scale variations of the winter monsoon may be caused by instability of the westerly jet, which is determined by temperature differences between the polar and the equatorial regions.