近岸溢油漂移扩散预测方法研究——以胶州湾溢油事件为例

近些年,由于中国经济的高速发展,原油需求逐年增长,同时海上溢油事故发生的风险也在加剧。海上溢油会严重破坏海洋环境,危害我国经济发展,加强溢油漂移扩散预报研究能够为海上溢油应急响应提供技术支撑。因此,国家海洋信息中心研发了海上突发事件应急一体化预测预警系统。该系统基于GIS平台研发,能够在二维电子海图基础上叠加相关的海洋环境动力要素信息,模拟溢油扩散和漂移态势,同时计算剩余油量,估算溢油面积以及岸线吸附程度等。2013年11月22日,山东黄岛发生输油管道爆炸事故,造成大量原油溢入胶州湾。本文利用该系统结合高分辨率大气模型WRF的三重嵌套技术和海流模型SELFE的非结构化网格加密技术,对事故溢油漂移扩散开展了预测工作。预测结果显示,油污受胶州湾内往复流的影响极大,72 h后,胶州湾内外大部分海域都将存在油污,主要集中在黄岛沿岸海域、团岛及浮山湾附近,预测扫海面积为70.32 km2。经海事部门高分辨率卫星观测结果印证,系统模拟的溢油分布较为合理。该系统的业务化应用为相关海上溢油污染应急工作提供了一定理论依据和参考。     

North Pacific Synthesis of the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study: Overview

This special issue is comprised of 13 papers, including this overview, and focuses on the synthesis of the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) in the North Pacific which took place from 1997 through 2003. The effort was led by the JGOFS North Pacific Synthesis Group, with the aim of quantifying CO₂ drawdown by physical and biological pumps in the North Pacific by identifying and studying the regional, seasonal to inter-annual variations in the key processes, and understanding their regulating mechanisms. Emphasis was placed on the similarities and differences of the biogeochemical regimes in the eastern and western subarctic Pacific. Effort was also made to address the future research directions which arose from the scientific findings during the North Pacific JGOFS process study. A brief overview of the papers from view points of CO₂ drawdown by physical and biological pumps, spatial variability, and temporal variability from seasonal to decadal scales is made, followed by suggestions for the directions of future research. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Comparison of Strain-rate Dependent Stress-Strain Behavior from Ko-consolidated Compression and Extension Tests on Natural Hong Kong Marine Deposits

This article presents results from a series of K_o-consolidated compression and extension triaxial tests on specimens from undisturbed samples of Hong Kong Marine Deposits (HKMD). To investigate the strain-rate effects, a total of seven K_o-consolidated triaxial tests were conducted including four compression tests and three extension tests. After K_o-consolidation, the triaxial test specimens were sheared at step-changed axial strain rates under three different confining pressures of 50 kPa, 150 kPa, and 400 kPa, respectively. The step-changed strain rates were applied in the following order: +2%/h, +0.2%/h, +20%/h, -2%/h (unloading) and +2%/h (reloading) for the four compression tests and -2%/h, -0.2%/h, -20%/h, +2%/h (unloading) and -2%/h (reloading) for the three extension tests. The results are reported and analyzed in the paper. The results show that the strain rate effects, the stress-strain characteristics, and the effective stress paths of the specimens for tests in a compression state are different from those for tests in an extension stage. One order of magnitude increase in axial strain rate causes an average 8.6% increase in undrained shear strength for compression tests and a 12.1% increase for extension tests. It is also found that the failure mode of the specimens in compression is different from that in extension. The stress-strain behavior of specimens shows strain-softening and a clear shear band in compression tests, but strain-hardening without any clear shear band in extension tests for the same absolute value of axial strain.     

皱纹盘鲍对氯霉素的通透性吸收与扩散

在海水溶液中的氯霉素分子可以越过皱纹盘鲍Ｈａｌｉｏｔｉｓ ｄｉｓｃｕｓ ｈａｎｎａｉ Ｉｎｏ的体表结构进入其血淋巴液中。鲍血淋巴液中氯霉素的浓度与药浴液的氯霉素浓度，温度均呈线性关系，药浴时间的效应表现的Ｓ形逼近曲线。在２０℃的海水中，鲍血淋巴液中的氯霉素向体外扩散的半衰期为４２ｍｉｎ。     

Geochemistry of trace elements and Sr-Nd isotopes of foraminifera shell from the Okinawa Trough

ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＰｒｏｖｅｎａｎｃｅｏｆｍａｒｉｎｅｓｅｄｉｍｅｎｔｓｈａｓａｌｗａｙｓｂｅｅｎａｆｏｃｕｓｅｄｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｉｎｍａｒｉｎｅｓｅｄｉｍｅｎｔｇｅ ｏｌｏｇｙ.Ｒｅｃｏｇｎｉｔｉｏｎｏｆｅｎｄｍｅｍｂｅｒｓａｎｄｅｓｔｉｍａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｉｒｒｅｌａｔｉｖｅｐｒｏｐｏｒｔｉｏｎｓｆｒｏｍｍｉｘｅｄｓｅｄｉｍｅｎｔｓｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎａｋｅｙｃｏｎｔｅｎｔｉｎｔｈｅｓｔｕｄｙｏｆｐｒｏｖｅｎａｎｃｅ .Ｆｏｒｔｈｉｓａｉｍ ,ｉｔｉｓｎｅｃｅｓｓａｒｙｔｏｓｅｌｅｃｔｅｎｄｍｅ…     

卤虫的发育与蜕皮

我国北方孤雌生殖卤虫在盐度为60,水温为19—28℃的条件下,自卵内孵出无节幼虫长成至性成熟产仔(无节幼虫或卵),需经蜕皮12—15次,其中多数为14次,历时15—18天,随后每次产仔即行蜕皮一次,本文描述了卤虫各个不同令期发育的外部形态变化,并根据其蜕皮次数和形态特征,将卤虫的发育分为十五令(15th instar)。此外还观察到在孤雌生殖的卵中有发育成为雄性的个体。     

西沙群岛现代的有孔虫Ⅰ

有孔虫是一类原生动物,除极少数种类生活于淡水环境、少数种类生活于与海有联系的半咸水环境外,大多数种类生活于海洋环境;其生活方式，大多数种类营底栖生活,少数种类营浮游生活。由于有孔虫具有个体小、种类多、数量大、对环境因子的反应较敏感、地理分布广泛、地质历程长久、其遗壳能在地层中长期保存等特点,因此,它不仅是研究现代海洋生态学的良好材料,同时也是研究古海洋生态学、恢复古海洋沉积环境及古气候、识别海相地层、进行地层对比等的重要微体化石之一。“科学的发生和发展一开始就是由生产决定的。”随着石油等沉积矿藏的勘探、开发,有孔虫研究越来越为人们所重视,成为地层对比、岩相识别、恢复古地理和古气候等的重要手段之一。 我国西沙群岛的有孔虫,过去尚无报道。本文是根据中国科学院海洋研究所西沙群岛生物考察队于1957年采自赵述岛、北岛和中岛的三份珊瑚砂样品进行研究的。对西沙群岛的现代有孔虫进行调查研究,不仅在我国有孔虫区系和动物地理学研究上具有重要意义,并可为开展南海及南海诸岛地层中的有孔虫动物群研究提供必要的参考资料。 西沙群岛的有孔虫区系极其丰富多采,种类当远远超过本文所记录的种数。本文研究所依据的样品数太少,只能是一个极其初步的记录。     

Atlas of Japan (East) Sea hydrographic properties in summer, 1999

Hydrographic properties from CTD and discrete bottle sample profiles covering the Japan (East) Sea in summer, 1999, are presented in vertical sections, maps at standard depths, maps on isopycnal surfaces, and as property–property distributions. This data set covers most of the Sea with the exception of the western boundary region and northern Tatar Strait, and includes nutrients, pH, alkalinity, and chlorofluorocarbons, as well as the usual temperature, salinity, and oxygen observations.     

A three-dimensional wave field over a bidirectionally periodic ripple bottom

For gravity wave trains propagating over an arbitrary wavy bottom, a perturbation expansion is developed to the second order so that the Bragg resonance effect of the ripple bottom on the free-surface wave can be analyzed. Both the resonant and non-resonant cases are treated and the singular behavior at resonance is avoided. This theory is successfully verified by reducing to simpler situations. Then, the analytical results for the special case of a unidirectional sinusoidal bottom are compared with experimental data for validation.