Enhanced Data Transmission Rate of XCTD Profiler Based on OFDM

An expendable conductivity-temperature-depth profiler(XCTD) is one of the most important instruments used to obtain hydrological data, such as temperature and conductivity, and detect ocean depth in a large area. However, the XCTD channel provides poor time-varying performance, narrowband, and low signal-to-noise ratio(SNR), which severely restricts the data transmission rate. In contrast to conventional single-carrier modulation techniques, such as amplitude-shift keying and differential phase-shift keying, this article provides a new method, based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM) to enhance the data transmission rate of deep-sea abandoned profilers. We apply the OFDM to enhance the SNR of the XCTD, which is achieved by reducing the data transmission rate of each sub-channel. Moreover, the bandwidth utilization may be improved by increasing the number of subcarriers in a given bandwidth, which enhances the data transmission rate. Based on analysis of the XCTD channel model, OFDM with different parameters such as constellation mapping, number of subcarriers, subcarrier spacing, signal period and cyclic prefix are achieved. To verify the effectiveness of the OFDM, this study investigates the influence of different parameters on the data transmission rate at different noise levels, i.e.,-20 dB and-40 d B.     

2000—2015年夏秋季孟加拉湾湾口区涡流相互作用能量学特征

文章主要使用全球简单海洋资料同化分析系统(Simple Ocean Data Assimilation, SODA)产出的海洋再分析数据产品和美国国家环境预报中心(National Centers for Environmental Prediction, NCEP)发布的风场资料, 通过能量学方法分析了2000—2015年夏季至秋季(6—11月)孟加拉湾涡-流相互作用特征在不同印度洋偶极子(Indian Ocean Dipole, IOD)事件发生年的表现。结果表明, 在IOD负位相年更强的西南季风背景下, 涡动能和涡势能的量值均较大, 海洋不稳定过程更多地将平均流场的能量输向涡旋场, IOD正位相年反之。另外, 研究发现孟加拉湾湾口区的涡动能在个别年份会发展出一种与气候态存在显著异常的空间分布, 即在个别年份湾口中央海域异常出现涡动能极大值。通过对出现该异常现象最显著的2010年进行个例分析, 发现当年的孟加拉湾海表风场发展出一个气旋式环流异常, 显著地改变了海洋上层环流形态, 极大地影响了平均流场与涡旋场之间的相互作用。进一步对维持涡动能平衡的各做功项进行诊断后发现, 湾口异常海域涡动能年际变化的主要影响因素为海洋内部的压强做功, 其次是正压不稳定过程和平流的做功, 海表风应力做功项贡献较小。     

当前土地执法监察工作问题初探

当前,各类土地违法案件屡禁不止,造成土地资源大量流失。尽管国家实行最严格的土地管制制度,相继采取一系列严厉措施查处土地违法违规行为,但我国相当一部分地区由于缺乏有效的执法手段和明确的执法权力,土地执法难以到位,“执法难”成为全国各地普遍存在的问题。     

冻结过程中单孔冰结晶变形机制研究

孔隙水在冻结过程中产生的冰结晶压力导致了多孔材料的冻胀及破坏。本文通过理论分析分别给出了不同形状晶体的结晶压力计算模型,并分析了经典结晶压力计算公式的使用条件。建立了降温过程中孔隙冰晶生长模型,实现冰晶生长过程中的孔隙变形计算,分析了晶核密度、孔径大小、荷载和冰晶体积对孔隙冻胀变形的影响机制。结果表明：起始孔隙直径和长宽比的增大对结晶变形抑制作用的机理在于减少了冰晶体积中膨胀结晶的比例。荷载对孔隙变形的抑制机制在于,荷载的增大迫使冰晶更多地横向生长（长宽比增大）,导致膨胀结晶所占比例减小。孔隙中的晶体生长有完全填充模式和部分填充模式,在部分填充模式下,晶核密度、荷载和孔径的增大都会导致晶体在孔隙中的填充率增大,从而对孔隙结晶变形产生影响。本模型揭示了单个孔隙中冻胀变形机制,为解决多孔介质的冻胀变形与破坏问题提供了新的思路。     

Seasonal dynamics of crustacean zooplankton community structure in Erhai Lake,a plateau lake,with reference to phytoplankton and environmental factors

The seasonal dynamics of a crustacean zooplankton community in Erhai Lake was investigated from May 2010 to April 2011. In total, 11 species were recorded, including six （6 genera） cladoceran and five （5 genera） copepod species. The crustacean zooplankton densities ranged from 24.3 to 155.4 ind./L. In winter and spring, the large-bodied cladoceran Daphnia galeata dominated the crustacean plankton community. In summer and autumn, when the colonial or filamentous algae dominated the phytoplankton communities, the small-bodied species （e.g. Bosminafatalis, Ceriodaphnia quadrangular, and Mesocyclops leuckarti） replaced the large-bodied ones. One-way ANOVA and redundancy analysis revealed that community structure was dependent upon total nitrogen, total phosphorus, water temperature, transparency, and the biomass of small algae. The variation in both phytoplankton structure and environmental variables were important factors in the seasonal succession of crustacean zooplankton structure in Erhai Lake.     

GPS模块数据分析与处理

对目前比较流行的GPS模块的输出数据进行测量,利用误差理论与数据处理方法对数据进行处理,并用灵图地图对所测数据的准确性进行判断,将处理后的数据与实际里程进行转换,得出实际里程误差。对误差原因进行了分析。结果表明：该分析方法正确,GPS模块所测数据可靠,为今后进行GPS接收机的研制工作积累了经验。     

多年平均气温空间化BP神经网络模型的模拟分析

气温数据空间化是插补无站地区温度、使气温数据便于综合分析的重要技术手段.理想情况下,气温的空间化分布受经度、纬度和海拔高度的影响,呈现规律性的空间分布态势.但是,各种微观因子如坡度、坡向、地形起伏、地表覆被等的存在,在一定程度上扰乱并弱化了这种规律性的分布态势.本文基于Matlab平台,利用BP神经网络研究了多年平均气...     

Automated Approach for Extraction of Oil Spill from SAR Imagery

Oil spill pollution is a major environmental concern since it has most dangerous and hazardous effects on marine environment. Periodic monitoring by detecting oil spills along with its movement, helps in efficient clean-up and recovery operations. Over the past few years, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) based remote sensing has received considerable attention for monitoring and detecting oil spill due to its unique capabilities to provide wide-area observation in all weather conditions. However, the interpretation of marine SAR imagery is often ambiguous, since it is difficult to separate oil spill from look-alike features. The objective behind our study was to extract probable oil spill candidates automatically from SAR imageries containing oil spill incidences, where new methods based on over-segmentation and amalgamate approach is used for this purpose. The methodology is all about over segmenting the entire image based on its statistics and amalgamating relevant segments at later point of time to represent actual dark features as probable oil spill candidates. Under the dependency on SAR imageries alone, the approach does not take care of the separation of look-alike features which can be addressed subsequently by the consideration of associated synchronous external data resources such as optical data, wind and ocean parameters (Zhao et al. in Opt Express 22(11):13755–13772, 2014; Espedal and Wahl in Int J Remote Sens 20(1):49–65, 1999). The approach is carried out on a set of RISAT-1 imagery containing oil spill incidences and the extracted oil spill areas are in well agreement with the visually interpreted output with kappa coefficient greater than 0.70 and overall classification accuracy greater than 80%.     

Discussion of “From saturated to unsaturated conditions and vice versa” by Martí Lloret-Cabot,Simon J. Wheeler,Jubert A. Pineda,Enrique Romero,and Daichao Sheng (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-017-0577-6)

The authors (Lloret-Cabot et al. in Acta Geotech 1–23, 2017) applied the glasgow coupled model (GCM), originally proposed by Wheeler et al. (Géotechnique 53(1):41–54, 2003), to the simulation of several experimental tests that involve transition between saturated and unsaturated states. The authors show qualitatively, but not quantitatively, predictions of GCM for shrinkage during air drying of normally consolidated samples (Fig. 13) under low mechanical stress conditions, without presenting the material parameters. The discussers, who have worked with GCM to model multilayer deposition of tailings/soft soils (Qi in Numerical investigation for slope stability of expansive soils and large strain consolidation of soft soils. Doctoral dissertation, University of Ottawa, 2017; Qi et al. in J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 143(7):04017018, 2017, Qi et al. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 143(7):04017019, 2017), have made quantitative predictions of similar cases. Satisfactory simulations of such cases using GCM are sensitive to the selection of the coupling parameters k₁ and k₂. By considering an alternative analytical form of GCM, an analytical procedure can be derived for calibrating the coupling parameters for problems involving virgin drying.