Strength and stability of frictional sliding of gabbro gouge at elevated temperatures

To investigate the strength of frictional sliding and stability of mafic lower crust, we conducted experiments on oven-dried gabbro gouge of 1 mm thick sandwiched between country rock pieces (with gouge inclined 35° to the sample axis) at slip rates of 1.22 × 10^− 3 mm/s and 1.22 × 10^− 4 mm/s and elevated temperatures up to 615 °C. Special attention has been paid to whether transition from velocity weakening to velocity strengthening occurs due to the elevation of temperature.Two series of experiments were conducted with normal stresses of 200 MPa and 300 MPa, respectively. For both normal stresses, the friction strengths are comparable at least up to 510 °C, with no significant weakening effect of increasing temperature. Comparison of our results with Byerlee's rule on a strike slip fault with a specific temperature profile in the Zhangbei region of North China shows that the strength given by experiments are around that given by Byerlee's rule and a little greater in the high temperature range.At 200 MPa normal stress, the steady-state rate dependence a − b shows only positive values, probably still in the “run-in” process where velocity strengthening is a common feature. With a normal stress of 300 MPa, the values of steady-state rate dependence decreases systematically with increasing temperature, and stick-slip occurred at 615 °C. Considering the limited displacement, limited normal stress applied and the effect of normal stress for the temperatures above 420 °C, it is inferred here that velocity weakening may be the typical behaviour at higher normal stress for temperature above 420 °C and at least up to 615 °C, which covers most of the temperature range in the lower crust of geologically stable continental interior. For a dry mafic lower crust in cool continental interiors where frictional sliding prevails over plastic flow, unstable slip nucleation may occur to generate earthquakes.     

Modeling the seismic response of basin-edge structure by a sequential waveform method

A sequential waveform method is developed to simulate the seismic response of basin-edge structure excited by a plane incident P-wave. The full procedure involves: (a) a previous parameterization of the investigated model using the seismic wave velocities and depths of the sedimentary stratifications; (b) an input motion determined from the records at stations installed on hard rock; (c) forward computation of the P-SV elastic wave field by means of a two-dimensional finite difference (FD) method; (d) the optimization of the model vector using simulated annealing technique and comparing the simulated seismic response of the tested structure with the observed wave field; (e) the correction of the initial model by trial-and-error by testing the differences between synthetics and observed data, and (f) the final solution obtained by iteration using the conjugate gradient algorithm. The search of an optimal basin-edge model has been parallel processed by varying the shapes and velocities of strata on the basis of the fitting of relative timing, amplitude and phase between the output and the observed data. The input motion and sensitivity have been checked and the validity of the method has been demonstrated by numeric analysis. Using the teleseismic records generated by 7 earthquakes recorded at 26 broadband seismic stations, we have studied the seismic velocity structure of the southern edge of the Jiyang depression located in the Bohai Bay basin, northern China. Two cross sections show an agreement between the velocity results and the geological sections available in the region. In addition, we obtain evidence of three hidden faults under the sections and features that suggest major extensions at the Paleogene.     

Spectral Simulation and Conditioning to Local Continuity Trends in Geologic Modeling

Spectral simulation has gained application in building geologic models due to the advantage of better honoring the spatial continuity of petrophysical properties, such as reservoir porosity and shale volume. Distinct from sequential simulation methods, spectral simulation is a global algorithm in the sense that a global density spectrum is calculated once and the inverse Fourier transform is performed on the Fourier coefficient also only once to generate a simulation realization. The generated realizations honor the spatial continuity structure globally over the whole field instead of only within a search neighborhood, as with sequential simulation algorithms. However, the disadvantage of global spectral simulation is that it traditionally cannot account for the local information such as the local continuity trends, which are often observed in reservoirs and hence are important to be accounted for in geologic models. This disadvantage has limited wider application of spectral simulation in building geologic models. In this paper, we present ways of conditioning geologic models to the relevant local information. To account for the local continuity trends, we first scale different frequency components of the original model with local-amplitude spectrum ratios that are specific to the local trend. The sum of these scaled frequency components renders a new model that displays the desired local continuity trend. The implementation details of this new method are discussed and examples are provided to illustrate the algorithm.     

How Far Is Too Far? – A Statistical Approach to Context‐contingent Proximity Modeling

Proximity is a fundamental concept in any comprehensive ontology of space ( Worboys 2001 ). The provision of a context‐contingent translation mechanism between linguistic proximity measures (e.g. “near”, “far”) and metric distance measures is an important topic in current GIS research. After a discussion of context factors that mediate the relationship between linguistic and metric distance measures, we present a statistical approach, Ordered Logit Regression, to the context‐contingent proximity modeling. The approach can predict proximity given the corresponding metric distance and context variables. An empirical case study with human subjects is carried out using this statistical approach. Interpretation and predictive accuracy of the empirical case study are discussed.     

旅游信息系统建设模式探讨——以佛山市为例

作为当前旅游信息系统开发的两种主要基础平台，地理信息系统和多媒体制作系统都存在一定的缺陷。多媒体制作系统缺乏旅游地图的有效管理，空间查询，分析和统计功能，旅游地理信息系统则缺乏旅游信息的多媒体表达能力。从实用性和普及性出发，集合二者优点开发模式具有更大的推广应用价值。因此，论文提出在同一界面下基于GIS和多媒体集成的旅游信息系统开发模式；（1）在GIS中增加多媒体信息表达能力，以关系数据库为核心，把多媒体文件名信息存储在地理信息系统属性库，依靠多媒休段实现多媒体数据与地理信息系统图形和属性的关联，实现查询的基本概念；（2）在多媒体系统中开发部分GIS空间查询功能。以此思路，佛山科技学院GIS技术实验室利用VB进行GIS和多媒体二次开发，成功地完成了佛山旅游信息系统的设计和开发。     

Sedimentary cycles of trace elements in Salawusu River Valley since 150 ka BP

The paper makes some analyses on 11 trace elements in the Milanggouwan stratigraphical section in the Salawusu River valley, which is regarded as a prototype geology-palaeoclimate record since 150 ka BP. The results show that the content and variation of trace elements has experienced remarkably regular changes in the pace with coarse and fine sedimentary cycles of palaeo-aeolian sands to its overlying fluvio-lacustrine facies or/and palaeosols. The trace elements with chemical properties of relatively active (V, Sr, Cu, Ni, As) and relatively stable (P, Pb, Rb, Mn, Nb, Zr) are a manifestation of the corresponding 27 changeable cycles between peak and valley values, appearing a multi-fiuctuational process line of relative gathering and migration since then. The low numerical value distribution of these two types of trace elements in the aeolian sand facies represents erosion and accumulation under wind force during the cold-dry climate. Whereas their enrichments in both fluvio-lacustrine facies and palaeosols are related to the valley’s special low-lying physiognomic position between the Ordos Plateau and the Loess Plateau under the warm and humid climate conditions. The above relatively migrated and gathered change of the trace elements is the result of 27 climatic cycles of cold-dry and warm-humid, which is probably caused by repeated alternations of winter monsoon and summer monsoon in the Mu Us Sandy Land influenced by the climate vicissitudes in northern hemisphere during glacial and interglacial periods since 150 ka BP.     

塔里木河近期水量调配基本问题探讨

在塔里木河近期水量调配中，引入生态用水观念，从生态经济社会协调和全流程生态用水均衡目标出发，运用系统均衡理论，分析了塔里木河近期水量调配的目标、思路和技术途径，提出了流程纵横向均衡目标、水量配置定额的总量和结构相结合控制、生态用水下泄定额“扣除法”与“倒推法”处理，水量配置定额在时间序列上的分解等观点和方法。     

平湖油气田凝析油回注油藏对开发效果影响机理研究

凝析油回注油藏是平湖油气田开发过程中为应对海底输油管线而采取的一种工程应急措施。凝析油回注油藏会引起油层内流体渗流特征的变化，并进而影响油井恢复生产后的开发指标。从室内物理模拟实验和油藏数值模拟两方面开展凝析油回注油藏的影响效果分析，并根据研究结果提出合理的回注方式，不仅从机理上为解决海上油气田开发工程中所遇类似突发事件的处理提供了依据，而且在物理模拟实验和油藏数值模拟研究相结合对油藏基础研究方面提供一些重要的结论。     

抗拔桩设计方法

当地下水位较高时,地下车库等附属建筑物不得不对抗浮问题进行考虑,抗拔桩被越来越多的应用于工程中。依据工程实例对抗拔桩设计荷载条件、抗浮桩单桩承载力设计、抗浮桩桩身结构设计、群桩地基整体稳定性、单位面积抗浮力、抗拔桩抗裂分别进行了阐述,以及抗拔桩设计中应考虑的问题进行了论述。     

中国南北地震带北段近期地应力场动态演化特征与地震活动之关系

分析了南北地震带北段多年来应力场的动态变化特征，并结合其他前兆手段观测资料研究了应力场动态变化与地震活动的关系，探讨了应力场变化的动力成因和利用其进行地震预测的可能性。