测绘专业《计算方法》课程教学方法初探

数据处理是测绘专业学生必须掌握的技术，测绘专业的《计算方法》课程就是为了加强学生这种技术能力的培养所开设。本文针对测绘专业的计算方法课程所存在的一些问题，在教学内容取舍，习题布置，上机实践以及考试方式等方面进行了探讨。     

R/S分析及其在地震磁效应研究中的应用

将重标极差法（R／S，Rescaled range analysis）这一时间序列分析方法引入到地震地磁前兆观测资料的处理和分析当中，并应用该方法对陕西关中地区3个地磁台站在1996～1998年间Z分量观测数据进行处理。分析了地磁Z分量赫斯特指数变化与1998年1月5日泾阳肘。4．8地震的关系，发现地震前2～4个月地磁Z分量出现明显小于0．5的异常变化，背离了地磁场正常的长程相关趋势性增强的变化规律，预示了此次地震的发生。这些结果表明该方法能够挖掘出丰富的地磁前兆信息，在地震前兆观测资料的非线性处理中具有良好的应用前景。     

Further perspectives on the evolution of bed material waves in alluvial rivers

In one‐dimensional mathematical models of ?uvial ?ow, sediment transport and morphological evolution, the governing equations based on mass and momentum conservation laws constitute a hyperbolic system. Succinctly, the hyperbolic nature excludes dispersion or diffusion operators, which is well known in the context of differential equations. There is no doubt that the so‐called ‘dispersion’ argument for bed material wave evolution is questionable, as we have explicitly asserted. Surprisingly, in a recent communication, the authors of the ‘dispersion’ argument suggest that dispersion is not precluded in hyperbolic systems. We provide herein further perspectives to help explain that the dispersion argument is neither appropriate nor necessary for interpreting bed material wave evolution. Also the continuity equations involved are addressed to prompt wider understanding of their signi?cance. In particular, the continuity equation of the water–sediment mixture proposed by the authors of the ‘dispersion’ argument is proved to be incorrect, and inevitably their reasoning based on it is problematic. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高频电磁测深在地下热水勘探中的应用

高频电磁测深法是一种利用天然高频电磁场作为场源的电磁勘探方法,具有高分辨率和相对直流电法较深的勘探深度的特点,特别适合中浅层地热和地下水勘探。本文介绍了一个应用高频电磁测深评价地下热水资源的一个成功实例。野外数据采集采用了高频电磁测深系统MT-U5A,采用远参考技术,以保证数据采集质量。高频电磁测深资料二维反演成像处理结果较好地描述了地下热水的空间分布范围,为查明该区的地下热水的来源提供了较有利的证据。     

3836C波段双线偏振多普勒雷达及其在一次降水过程中的应用研究

该文介绍了2004年完成的在北京市气象局升级改造后的3836C波段双线偏振多普勒雷达的技术状况, 并通过对2004年11月9日北京地区一次大范围层状云降水观测资料的分析, 讨论了其探测资料的质量情况和对降水粒子的探测性能, 同时还根据零度层亮带内不同相态降水粒子的散射和空间取向等特征建立了一种利用双线偏振雷达观测资料识别零度层亮带的方法, 并利用该雷达的观测资料对识别结果做分析检验, 最后讨论了零度层亮带内各种降水粒子相态的变化规律。研究结果表明:除线性退极化比L_DR未作分析外, 3836雷达探测到的这次降雨过程的分析结果与国外双线偏振雷达的研究结果相似, 其对降水粒子相态结构的反映比较有效合理。建立的零度层亮带识别模式合理, 识别得到的结果能反映零度层亮带的特征。通过对零度层亮带内各偏振参数的变化特点分析, 从双偏振雷达测量参数的角度解释了“零度层亮带”现象的形成是由于在零度层以下的冰相粒子融化成大雨滴然后再裂碎为小雨滴, 从而造成在该层内水平偏振反射率因子Z_H、差分反射率因子Z_DR先增大后减小、水平/垂直偏振波零延迟相关系数ρ_hv (0) 先减小后增大的规律。     

Effects of pH and Ca competition on complexation of cadmium by fulvic acids and by natural organic ligands from a river and a lake

The technique of competitive ligand-exchange/anodic stripping voltammetry (CLE-SV) was used to investigate effects of pH and Ca concentration on cadmium complexation by fulvic acid (FA), as well as Cd speciation in two different freshwaters, a hardwater Lake Greifen and a softwater River Wyre. Binding of Cd to Suwannee river FA (10 mg/l) was determined at different pH (7–8.5) and in the presence of various concentration of Ca²⁺ (0–2 mmol/l). The results from one-ligand discrete models were compared to simulations by the WHAM VI model. In Lake Greifen, the determined dissolved [Cd²⁺] ranged from 10⁻¹³ to 10⁻¹² mol/l, and the conditional stability constant with natural ligands was log K _CdL about 9.5–10.5 (pH 8.6–8.8) with ligand concentrations of 1.2–7.8 × 10⁻⁶ mol/g C. In the softwater River Wyre, dissolved [Cd²⁺] ranged from 4 × 10⁻¹² to 1 × 10⁻¹¹ mol/l, and the ligands were weaker (log K _CdL 8.9–9.8, pH 8.0) with lower ligand concentrations (0.9–2.3 × 10⁻⁶ mol/g C). The titration curves of FA samples were close to the simulated curves by the WHAM VI model at pH 8.0–8.5, but deviated more from the model at lower pH, indicating that the results determined with CLE-SV for Cd-FA complexation are relevant to the data base in the model. Calculation of the Ca competition for Cd binding by FA showed a competition effect of similar strength as the measured one, but indicated a systematic difference between measured and modeled data at pH 7.5. Using the WHAM model for comparison with FA, the complexation of Cd by the River Wyre ligands was close to that of FA, whereas stronger complexation was observed in the Lake Greifen water. These differences may originate from different ligand composition in the lake and the river.     

1:1万地形图高程注记点采集方法研究

通过对水准仪散点法、GPS-RTK高程和内业全数字摄影测量工作站三种高程注记点的采集方法进行系统的研究，力求找到既保证满足成图精度要求，又减少劳动强度，提高工作效率，并符合现实情况的一种准确、高效、经济的采集方法，为我省新一轮基础测绘顺利完成提供科学依据。     

双线偏振多普勒天气雷达识别冰雹区方法研究

利用美国KOUN雷达的一次强对流天气过程的观测资料，讨论分析了利用双线偏振雷达观测资料识别冰雹区的方法，在此基础上建立了利用模糊逻辑法识别冰雹的识别模式，并对其得到的结果进行分析和讨论，为国内未来的双线偏振雷达业务运行提供参考和帮助。分析结果表明；基于模糊逻辑法利用双线偏振雷达观测资料建立的识别模式，不仅可以反映出实际的冰雹区位置，而且还可以对其分类。其识别的结果比较符合实际的天气过程。     

近116年江淮梅雨异常及其环流特征分析

利用江淮地区1885—2000年近116a梅雨特征量资料和NCEP／NCAR逐日再分析资料，采用谐波分析、最大熵谱分析、小波分析、合成分析等方法讨论了江淮梅雨特征量的年际-年代际变化特征及梅雨异常的环流特征。结果表明；江淮梅雨特征量存在显著的年际和年代际变化特征。入梅日期、出梅日期、梅雨期长度呈显著上升的长期变化趋势，梅雨量和梅雨强度长期趋势变化不明显；梅雨特征量均存在多时间尺度的振荡周期，入梅日期具有准24a、准5a和准3a的显著周期；出梅日期具有准35a、准22a和准5a的显著周期；梅雨量具有准40a、准15a、准9a和准3a的显著周期。丰梅年南亚高压中心强度和西太平洋副热带高压增强。枯梅年则反之。     

智能大厦节能管理的措施和方法

通过智能大厦的节能管理，实现能源的科学与合理的消费；使其发挥作用来降低机电设备的维护成本，降低管理与营运费用，从而达到最大限度的节约能源的目的。以上海博物馆为例，系统地总结了综合节能的措施和方法，对大厦的管理和合理运行有着极其重要的意义。