亚热带山地土壤的地球化学特征及其与新构造运动的关系

对亚热带峨眉山、天目山和凤阳山的列样品研究表明，高、低海拔土壤在矿质风化与淋溶、氧化铁富集与转化、粘粒矿物类型及分布等方面均酷为相似，而这些地球化学特性在相同温差水平带的土壤上却有明显区别，由此推算的新构造运动强度与前人研究结构基本一致。这对阐明山地土壤的发生分类及拓宽新构造运动研究方法等有一定参与价值。     

Modeling Spatial Accessibility of Immigrants to Culturally Diverse Family Physicians

This article uses accessibility as an analytical tool to examine health care access among immigrants in a multicultural urban setting. It applies and improves on two widely used accessibility models—the gravity model and the two-step floating catchment area model—in measuring spatial accessibility by Mainland Chinese immigrants in the Toronto Census Metropolitan Area. Empirical data on physician-seeking behaviors are collected through two rounds of questionnaire surveys. Attention is focused on journey to physician location and utilization of linguistically matched family physicians. Based on the survey data, a two-zone accessibility model is developed by relaxing the travel threshold and distance impedance parameters that are traditionally treated as a constant in the accessibility models. General linear models are used to identify relationships among spatial accessibility, geography, and socioeconomic characteristics of Mainland Chinese immigrants. The results suggest a spatial mismatch in the supply of and demand for culturally sensitive care, and residential location is the primary factor that determines spatial accessibility to family physicians. The article yields important policy implications.     

Response to climate change of different tree species and NDVI variation since 1923 in the middle arid region of Ningxia, China

The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) is used extensively to describe vegetation cover and ecological environment change. The purpose of this study was to contrast the response of different tree species growing in the same habitat to climate change and retrieve past NDVI using tree-ring width data from tree cores collected from the transitional zone of Pinus tabulaeformis and Picea crassifolia in the Luoshan Mountains in the middle arid region of Ningxia. Correlation analysis indicated that radial growth of P. tabulaeformis is more sensitive to precipitation and temperature change than that of P. crassifolia. Natural factors such as water availability and heat at this elevation are more suited to the growth of P. crassifolia, and are more advantageous to its renewal and succession. P. crassifolia is probably the better of the two species for protecting the forest ecosystem and conserving water in the Luoshan desertification area. Ring width of P. crassifolia correlates significantly with average NDVI for April–May (r =0.641, p <0.01), and both of them are influenced positively by precipitation in April–May. The reconstructed NDVI for 1923–2007 shows the relatively low vegetation cover occurred in the 1920s–1930s, the 1960s–1970s, and the early 21st century. The reconstructed NDVI better reflected the drought climate in the study area.     

Effect of rain enrichment on soil respiration of Nitraria sphaerocarpa community in a hyperarid area

In order to analyze the effect of rain enrichment on soil respiration rate of a Nitraria sphaerocarpa community, we measured soil respiration rate in bare and vegetated areas in a hyperarid area （Dunhuang） during the growing season. Results show that rain enrichment can increase bare and vegetated soil respiration rates. The more rainfall enrichment, the greater the increment and the longer duration time effect for soil respiration rate. 200% （16 mm） and 300% （24 mm） of rain enrichment can significantly increase bare soil respiration rates by 90% and 106% （P〈0.01）, respectively. By contrast, areas with 100% （8 mm）, 200% （16 mm） and 300% （24 mm） of rain enrichment can significantly increase shrub area respiration rates by 68%, 157% and 205% （P〈0.01）, respectively. The response time of bare and vegetated soil respiration to rainfall enrichment is asynchronous. Response variable of soil respiration in vegetated soil is higher （118%） than in bare soil. There was significant positive correlation between soil respiration rate and soil water content during the growing season （P〈0.01）. For every 1 mm increment of precipitation, soil respiration rate increased by 0.01 and 0.04 pmol/（m2.s）, respectively in vegetated and bare soils.     

基于分县尺度的2020-2030年中国未来人口分布简

选取1982年、1990年、2000年和2010年人口普查数据,运用Logistic模型系统预测了2020年和2030年中国分县人口规模,定量分析了未来中国人口分布的基本布局、各地区人口增减变化以及城市群人口集聚度变化。研究认为：①2020-2030年中国未来人口空间分布的总体格局不会发生根本改变,东南半壁人口比例会有所减少,西北半壁人口比例会有所增加,但增减变化在0.1%~0.3%之间;②2010-2020年中国有1641个分县单元人口将仍呈增加趋势,占地规模和相应人口都在全国3/4水平,人口增加仍是主要特征;2020-2030年中国人口增加的分县单元将大幅减少到598个,人口减少地区占地规模和相应人口将占3/5以上,人口减少成为普遍现象。③中国21个城市群地区人口总量将由2010年的7.81亿增加到2020年的8.68亿和2030年的9.17亿,相应的人口集聚度也将由2010年的1.99逐步提高到2020年的2.17和2030年的2.33,城市群地区人口集聚规模和集聚程度在逐步提高,人口集聚态势更加明显。     

Perceptions of climate change in China: The research and policy connection

Global climate change has evolved from a scientific problem into an economic and political problem oI worlOwloe rater- est. National perspectives play a crucial role in addressing climate change. Mutual understanding of perspectives is nec- essary to result in rational policies and a consensus among stakeholders with divergent interests. Conceptual frameworks for understanding the problem of climate change in China, the largest developing country and the largest greenhouse gas emitter, are of great significance to national and international efforts to address the problems of climate change. Chinese perceptions of climate change as a sustainable development problem have recently been in tension with an emerging Western perspective that frames climate change as a security issue. This paper explores Chinese perceptions of climate change as expressed in recent governmental policy statements, public opinion surveys, and academic scholarship with a focus on publications in Chinese-language journals, often unfamiliar in the West. It looks at the relationship between Chinese research and policy and finds that the Chinese policy frame of climate change as a sustainable development problem draws from the body of domestic research and is reflective of the perspectives and multidisciplinary approach of Chinese researchers in areas of climate change.     

ERA-Interim气温数据在中国区域的适用性评估

运用中国756个观测站点的逐月平均气温数据,对比分析了ERA-Interim再分析资料的误差。结果发现:ERA-Interim再分析资料能够很好地反映观测值的年际变化,相关性达到0.955~0.995。ERA-Interim在580个站点的冷偏差或暖偏差小于1℃,占站点总数的76.7%,可信度较高。64个站点的冷偏差或暖偏差大于5℃,可信度较低。ERA-Interim在东部地区的暖偏差多于西部地区,冷偏差的高值主要集中在西部地区的高海拔站点。海拔低于200 m的站点偏差最小,适用性好,多数海拔3 000 m以上的站点呈现较大冷偏差,适用性较差。通过回归分析发现,观测站点与ERA-Interim格点的高度差是导致误差的主要原因,因此通过高程校正能够有效降低误差,提高ERA-Interim适用性。     

国内外旅游合作关系研究进展

旅游业是一项开放度、关联度极高的新型产业,区域旅游业要实现可持续发展必须重视建立区域旅游合作关系。对近年来国内外有关旅游合作关系的研究成果进行了收集、分析,研究表明,区域旅游合作关系形成的最重要的基础是地缘关系,或者是基于某种共同的目的,特别是旅游业可持续发展等。旅游合作关系可以给旅游区带来很多潜在的利益,但这种关系的建立也有一定的难度。目前,国内外对区域旅游合作关系的研究主要涉及研究的进展和模式、合作的政策及实践3个方面,采取的手段和方法主要为历史资料收集与实地调研。     

近30年中国极地气象科学研究进展

南极和北极是地球上的气候敏感地区,也是研究全球变化的关键区域.中国的南极和北极实地科学考察研究,分别始于20世纪80年代和90年代.作为国家行为,到2010年底,已经组织了27次南极考察、4次北极北冰洋考察和7次北极陆地考察;在南北极建立了4个科学考察站、5个(中澳/中美)合作自动气象站;初步形成了以有人考察站、无人自...     

中国农业文化遗产研究的进展与展望

中国农业文明历史悠久,勤劳智慧的劳动人民在长期的生产实践过程中一直在探索适应不同自然条件的农业生产方式,创造了灿烂的农业文化遗产。当今农业发展所面临的面临生态系统退化、面源污染严重、遗传资源丧失、食品安全问题严重等问题,促使人们转而学习传统农业的智慧与经验。本文从基于文献的传统农业文化遗产研究和基于实践的动态保护与适应性管理研究两个方面,较为系统地回顾了中国农业文化遗产研究的主要进展。指出,积淀深厚、成果丰富的农业历史和农业考古研究,为农业文化遗产保护实践和发展生态农业奠定了坚实的基础。2002年联合国粮农组织（FAO）发起的全球重要农业文化遗产（GIAHS）项目,则极大地提高了人们对农业文化遗产价值的认识,使农业文化遗产保护研究与实践进入了一个新阶段,在农业文化遗产的概念与内涵、农业生物多样性、多重价值、替代产业发展以及法律与政策保障等方面都有新的探索。未来研究中应进一步丰富研究内容,改进研究方法,深入开展农业文化遗产的保护和利用的探索等。