Research on preservation and enrichment mechanisms of organic matter in muddy sediment and mudstone

Using multidiscipline methodologies, the differences in preservation and enrichment mechanisms of organic matter (OM) in muddy sediment and mudstone are investigated. In clay fractions, concentra- tions of TOC and chloroform bitumen “A” are significantly higher than those in coarser fractions. This indicates that clay minerals (CM) play an important role in enriching OM. The content of chloroform bitumen “A” increases obviously in the clay fraction, which reveals that dissolvable OM is the main composition of coalesce with clay minerals. Furthermore, TG and DTA data show that OM enrichment mechanisms and preservation forms have multiplicity. Several exothermic peaks in the DTA curves demonstrate that muddy sediment and mudstone contain a number of bioclasts and amorphous OM besides dissolvable OM. Through analyzing with XRD and DTA after mudstone samples were pretreated, the conclusions can be arrived at. Firstly, CM interlayer space of XRD curves and exothermic peaks of DTA curves both change as temperature increases. Secondly, the changes of CM interlayer space and exothermic peaks are concordant and stable around 350℃. All these are the features that OM enters CM interlayers to form stable organo-clay complexes. Therefore, the combination format of OM with CM is not only surface adsorption, partial OM enters CM interlayers to form stable organo-clay complexes. Finally, through the research on OM preservation forms and enrichment mechanisms in muddy sedi- ment and mudstone, the hydrocarbon-generation processes and the global carbon cycle and budget can be explained.     

Characteristics and genesis of microbial lumps in the Maozhuang Stage(Cambrian Series 2),Shandong Province,China

Microbial lumps have been found in the Maozhuang Stage(Cambrian Series 2) in the Liangcheng section,Shandong Province,China.Their macro-and micro-scale features distinguish them from other carbonate particles such as intraclasts and oncoids.Most lumps have a coarse sand to pebble size.They were mostly rounded during sedimentation or combined to form irregular shapes.A distinct boundary is present between the lumps and the surrounding cement of sparry calcite.The lumps contain either no core at all or several irregular "cores",without a distinct inner texture.They are composed mainly of calcified(micritized) microbes,most likely cyanobacteria.The microbes drilled holes in carbonate grains,after which lumps formed by micritization,cementation,and agglutination by an extracellular polymeric substance(EPS) in a high-energy shallow-marine,subtidal environment.As the lumps are directly related to microbes,they should be considered as microbialites.     

鲁西地区张夏组碳酸盐岩成岩系统

鲁西地区寒武系碳酸盐岩广泛发育,但针对该区碳酸盐岩成岩作用的研究较少.镜下鉴定显示研究区发育压实作用、胶结作用这两种破坏性成岩作用及溶解作用、压溶作用和白云石化作用等三种建设性成岩作用.新生变形作用对物性的影响可分两种情况,退变新生变形作用对改善岩石物性意义不大,进变新生变形作用有利于晶间孔的形成.结合流体包裹体分析,将研究区张夏组划分为海水、大气淡水、封存压实卤水、温压水4个连续演化的成岩系统,不同成岩系统中发育不同的成岩流体体系和成岩作用类型.海水成岩系统的特征为:在浅海海底成岩环境下,成岩温度低,流体包裹体为单相;成岩作用有压实、泥晶化作用、胶结作用(形成纤维状、共轴纤维状、共轴增生胶结物),海水和淡水过渡带鲕粒发生白云石化作用.在大气淡水系统:早成岩期的成岩体系为CaCl₂-H₂O、NaCl-H₂O、MgCl₂-H₂O和NaCl-MgCl₂-H₂O盐水体系,且盐度较低,发育等轴粒状方解石胶结作用和淡水溶解作用;古表生期和表生期发育溶解作用.封存压实卤水成岩系统,成岩流体体系为NaCl-MgCl₂-MgSO₄和KCl-CaCl₂-H₂O体系,主要发育胶结作用和压溶作用.温压水系统中,成岩流体体系为CaCl₂-H₂O、NaCl-CaCl₂-6H₂O、NaCl-MgCl₂-MgSO₄、MgCl₂-H₂O和FeCl₂-H₂O,发育胶结作用、埋藏溶蚀、压溶作用(表现为粗缝合线)和进变新生变形作用.淡水成岩系统和温压水系统都有利于溶解作用的发育,但是淡水成岩系统中选择性的溶解作用造成的溶蚀孔隙多被后期胶结物充填,而温压水体统中的溶蚀作用可新增1%~5%次生孔隙;压溶作用形成的未被完全充填的粗缝合线和进变新生变形作用发育的晶间孔,均有利于改善岩石物性.     

滇西剑川始新世富碱岩浆岩锆石U-Pb年代学与Sr-Nd-Hf同位素地球化学及其对岩石成因的制约

滇西剑川富碱岩浆岩位于青藏高原东南缘的三江南段,是金沙江-红河富碱岩浆岩带的重要组成部分。剑川富碱岩浆岩包括花岗岩和正长岩两类岩石,前者主要有花岗斑岩和石英二长斑岩,后者主要是正长斑岩和粗面岩。本文对剑川富碱岩浆岩进行了主微量元素、锆石U-Pb年代学和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素特征研究。锆石U-Pb测年结果显示,剑川花岗岩结晶年龄为35. 1～36. 1Ma,正长岩结晶年龄为35. 7～35. 8Ma,均形成于始新世。花岗斑岩和石英二长斑岩的SiO_2含量为67. 92%～69. 93%,K_2O/Na_2O比值介于0. 86～1. 22,具有高钾钙碱性特征;正长斑岩和粗面岩的SiO_2含量为53. 94%～63. 51%,K_2O/Na_2O比值介于1. 30～2. 68,属于钾玄质岩石系列。两类岩石都富集轻稀土元素(LREE)和大离子亲石元素(LILE),相对亏损高场强元素(HFSE)。其中,花岗斑岩和石英二长斑岩有着较高的Sr、Sr/Y、La/Yb值和低的Y、Yb含量,具有埃达克质岩浆属性。结合Sr-Nd-Hf同位素研究认为,滇西剑川地区花岗岩起源于增厚的镁铁质新生下地壳部分熔融,正长岩是由交代富集的岩石圈地幔熔融产生的基性岩浆演化而来的产物。滇西剑川新生代富碱岩浆活动是对印度与欧亚板块晚碰撞阶段,岩石圈地幔发生对流减薄和软流圈物质上涌过程的响应。     

Research on diagenesis of the sandstone-type uranium deposits in Dongsheng area,Ordos Basin

Synthetic methods of thin section petrography, scanning electron microscope, electron microprobe, energy spectrum analysis, cathodoluminescence, isotopic analysis and temperature measuring for fluid inclusions were used in analyzing sandstone samples collected from the Zhiluo Formation in order to fully understand the diagenesis evolution and the mineralizing response as well as the genesis of the uranium-bearing sandstone in Dongsheng area. The result shows that (1) the sandstone include lithic silicarenite, feldspathic litharenite and litharenite; (2) the authigenic minerals include clay minerals, carbonate minerals, siliceous and ferric minerals; (3) the physical property of sandstone is obviously controlled by diagenesis; and (4) the sandstone with favorable physical property is propitious to migration and storage of ore-forming fluid, and finally, forming the ore deposit. The sandstone of the Zhiluo Formation had undergone the early diagenetic stage (periods A and B) and the epidiagenetic stage. The evolution of diagenetic environment is in the order of acidic oxidation, alkalescent deoxidization, acidity to transitional environment of oxidation-deoxidization and acidity-alkalescence. The uranium exists in forms of pre-enrichment uranyl ion, active uranyl ion, dispersive adsorptive uranium and uranium mineral, respectively. In addition, the authors also hold that the formation of the sandstone-type uranium is not only related to the oxidation-deoxidization environment, but also closely related to the acidic-alkaline transitional environment, which are propitious to uranium mineralization in sandstone.     

Vibration characteristics of frozen soil under moving track loads

Vibration due to moving traffic loads is an important factor which induces frozen soil damage; this paper analyzed these vibration characteristics of frozen soil foundation under track loads. Firstly, seismic observation array(SOA) technology was applied to monitor the three dimensional dynamic characteristics of frozen soil under movable track load in a permafrost region and seasonal frozen soil area. Secondly, a numerical simulation for the response of frozen soil under movable track load was performed based on finite element analysis(FEA). The results show that dynamic characteristics of frozen soil in perpendicular and parallel direction of the track are obviously different. In the direction perpendicular to the track, the vertical acceleration amplitude had an abrupt increase in the 9–10 m from the track line. In the direction parallel to the track, the acceleration in vertical and horizontal direction had a quick attenuation compared to the other direction. Lastly, various parameters were analyzed for the purpose of controlling the dynamic response of frozen soil and the vibration attenuation in frozen soil layer.