高性能GIS研究进展及评述

互联网技术的发展使地理信息技术得到了前所未有的发展和应用,地理信息计算呈现出计算速度快、运行效率高、应用多样化的发展特征。而随着计算机硬件性能飞速提升,传统的GIS数据处理方式并不能与之匹配,各种缺陷与弊端逐渐显现,亟待更高效的数据处理方式。目前,以并行集群计算技术和分布式网络技术为代表的高性能计算的出现,为这些问题的解决带来了新思路,并逐渐发展形成了新一代的多核并行高性能计算系统。当前,如何利用新型硬件体系结构带来的计算能力,研究新一代高性能GIS计算系统,解决现在所面临的时空数据密集和计算密集问题成为重要挑战。高性能计算是基于一组或几组计算机系统组成的集群,通过网络连接组成超级计算系统以加强数据处理、分析计算性能的一种技术。在实际应用中,逐渐形成Hadoop,Spark和Storm 3大主流分布式高性能计算系统,它们三者各具优缺点。本文从高性能GIS算法、并行GIS计算、内存计算和众核计算4个方面梳理、归纳总结了高性能GIS的技术体系,分析了每类高性能GIS技术特征,综合分析、评述了近年来高性能GIS的研究进展,并对高性能GIS未来发展进行展望,为更完备、高效的高性能GIS体系的建立、发展和应用提供参考。今后,并行GIS计算、高性能计算模式和分布式存储仍然是GIS技术领域发展的重要方向,通过高性能GIS系统可有效地解决时空数据密集、计算密集和网络通讯密集等问题,大大提升GIS地理分析效率。     

天山乌苏段火山泥元素组成及含量分析

采用能量色散型X射线荧光光谱分析（EDXRF）对新疆乌苏天山泥火山土壤样品的元素含量进行了测定。采用单指标评价指数法和内梅罗综合指数法,对新疆天山乌苏段火山泥中的重金属的种类和含量进行了研究,结果显示：Cd、As、Cu元素的含量达到土壤环境质量评价的二级标准,Hg、Pb、Cr、Zn、Ni元素的含量达到土壤环境质量评价的一级标准,乌苏天山火山泥综合评价达到二级标准。将火山泥的元素含量与新疆地区不同土质的土壤元素含量进行比较,与干旱区不同省份的土壤元素含量进行比较,分析了火山泥元素组成及含量的成因。     

黄河沙漠宽谷段水沙变化特征及驱动因素

根据定位观测、第一次全国水利普查、遥感影像解译的数据,利用MWP、双累计曲线、水土保持分析法、数学模拟等方法,分析了黄河上游水沙变化特征,评估了多元驱动因素对2000-2012年黄河下河沿-头道拐沙漠宽谷段水沙变化的贡献率。结果表明:与20世纪70年代以前的基准期相比,2000年以来径流量、输沙量同步减少,水沙关系也发生变化,单位径流量的输沙量明显减少;沙漠宽谷段径流量减幅沿程不断增加而输沙量减幅沿程变化不大,水沙年内分配较基准期发生倒置,来沙系数不断减小;灌区引水引沙、水土保持措施、水库拦沙、支流来水来沙、水库调蓄及河道冲淤是沙漠宽谷段水沙变化的主要影响因子;经济社会发展用水对沙漠宽谷段径流量减少的作用最大,贡献率为81%,其次是水库蓄泄量,占15%以上;水库拦沙对头道拐输沙量减少的贡献率最大,占41%,其次是支流水土保持措施,贡献率约占13%,入黄风沙减少的贡献率并不大,约为6%,而河道淤积量、灌区引沙量较基准期都是减少的,贡献率分别约为-41%和-8%;近10多年来降雨等自然因素对水沙变化的作用相对不大,起主要作用的是水库运用、水土保持、经济社会发展等人类活动因素。     

不同气候带的河道与沙丘分布格局及其类型划分

风水交互作用是干旱区常见的地貌现象和重要的地表过程,干旱区河流通过提供物源和场所控制沙漠分布的格局,沙漠分布与风沙活动制约河道发育和泥沙输移,在不同时空尺度表现不一,但关于二者交互作用的分类处于探索阶段,尚未形成分类体系,尤其在地貌格局分类上多为定性描述。因此,自西向东选择位于3个气候带的中国西部克里雅河、中部毛不拉格孔兑以及东部西拉木伦河,利用遥感影像解译获取河道与沙丘信息,探讨近源沙丘的分布与河型之间的组合关系。结果表明：河型、河流流向与风向之间的关系、水文以及距离河道的远近影响河道与沙丘组合的地貌格局;在河道-沙丘尺度上,划分为弯曲河道-对称式边滩沙丘、顺直河道-边滩沙丘、分汊河道-心滩式沙丘、网状河道-格状镶嵌式沙丘4种类型。     

Preparation and Measurement of Cassiterite for Sn Isotope Analysis

Increased interest in the fractionation of Sn isotopes has led to the development of several techniques for preparing cassiterite (SnO₂, the primary ore of Sn) for isotopic analysis. Two distinct methods have been applied in recent isotopic studies of cassiterite: (a) reduction to tin metal with potassium cyanide (KCN) at high temperature (800 °C), with subsequent dissolution in HCl, and (b) reduction to a Sn solution with hydriodic acid (HI) at low temperature (100 °C). This study compares the effectiveness and accuracy of these two methods and contributes additional methodological details. The KCN method consistently yielded more Sn (> 70% in comparison with < 5%), does not appear to fractionate Sn isotopes at high temperatures over a 2‐hour period and produced consistent Sn isotope values at flux mass ratios of ≥ 4:1 (flux to mineral) with a minimum reduction time of 40 min. By means of a distillation experiment, it was demonstrated that HI could volatilise Sn, explaining the consistently low yields by this method. Furthermore, the distillation generated Sn vapour, which is up to 0.38‰ per mass unit different from the starting material, the largest induced Sn fractionation reported to date. Accordingly, the HI method is not recommended for cassiterite preparation for Sn isotopic analysis.     

Characterization of Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM) in the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea Using Excitation-Emission Matrix Spectroscopy (EEMs) and Parallel Factor Analysis (PARAFAC)

Compositions and concentrations of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) have been determined in the Bohai Sea (BS) and the Yellow Sea (YS) in the summer and autumn in 2013 by excitation and emission matrix spectroscopy (EEMs) and parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC). The PARAFAC model identified three humic-like components (C1, C2, and C3) and one protein-like component (C4). CDOM exhibited higher fluorescence intensities in the coastal areas in both the summer and autumn. However, its distribution patterns were different in the two seasons. Based on spatial and seasonal distributions of four components, as well as correlations with salinity, chlorophyll a (Chl-a), and apparent oxygen utilization (AOU), the following assignments were made. The C1, C2, and C3 components were mainly dominated by terrestrial inputs and influenced by the primary productivity of phytoplankton in the summer as well. C4 was assigned to terrestrial and autochthonous origins and most likely represented a biologically labile component. Terrestrial inputs were the dominant source of CDOM in the BS and YS. The humification index (HIX) and biological index (BIX) suggested that CDOM in the BS was more stable than that in the YS, which had an increase in autochthonous production, and in the summer, CDOM was less stable with a higher CDOM autochthonous production compared with that in the autumn.     

鄂尔多斯盆地北部侏罗系直罗组沉积特征与演化*

鄂尔多斯盆地东北部发现的多个砂岩型铀矿床均赋存于侏罗系直罗组下段砂岩中。前人对已知铀矿床分布区直罗组的沉积学研究程度相对较高,但对盆地北部直罗组大区域沉积体系展布与演变、物源供给特征等的研究仍较为薄弱。文中在大量钻井资料分析、野外剖面实测等基础上,将盆地北部砂岩型铀矿含矿层段直罗组下段细分为2个亚段。在直罗组中识别出河流和三角洲相沉积,认为直罗组下段下亚段主要发育砾质、砂质辫状河沉积,东北部地区发育辫状河三角洲沉积;直罗组下段上亚段主要发育砂质辫状河和曲流河沉积;直罗组上段则以曲流河沉积为主。结合前人研究工作,认为源岩物质组成、有利沉积相带和气候条件对鄂尔多斯盆地北部砂岩型铀矿的成矿均具有重要控制作用。对盆地北部直罗组沉积特征及其演化的整体认识,可为该区砂岩型铀矿床的进一步勘查提供重要的沉积学依据。     

Scale effects of eroded sediment transport in Wujiang River Basin,Guizhou Province,China

In recent years, research on spatial scale and scale transformation of eroded sediment transport has become a forefront field in current soil erosion research, but there are very few studies on the scale effect problem in Karst regions of China. Here we quantitatively extracted five main factors influencing soil erosion, namely rainfall erosivity, soil erodibility, vegetative cover and management, soil and water conservation, and slope length and steepness. Regression relations were built between these factors and also the sediment transport modulus and drainage area, so as to initially analyze and discuss scale effects on sediment transport in the Wujiang River Basin (WRB). The size and extent of soil erosion influencing factors in the WRB were gauged from: Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Global Digital Elevation Model (ASTER GDEM), precipitation data, land use, soil type and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data from Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS) or Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), and observed data from hydrometric stations. We find that scaling effects exist between the sediment transport modulus and the drainage area. Scaling effects are expressed after logarithmic transformation by a quadratic function regression relationship where the sediment transport modulus increases before decreasing, alongside changes in the drainage area. Among the five factors influencing soil erosion, slope length and steepness increases first and then decreases, alongside changes in the drainage area, and are the main factors determining the relationship between sediment transport modulus and drainage area. To eliminate the influence of scale effects on our results, we mapped the sediment yield modulus of the entire WRB, adopting a 1 000 km2 standard area with a smaller fitting error for all sub-basins, and using the common Kriging interpolation method.