ANALYSES OF THE DYNAMIC EFFECTS ON WINTER CIRCULATION OF THE TWO MAIN MOUNTAINS IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE——Ⅱ.VERTICAL PROPAGATION OF PLANETARY WAVES

A linear,hemispheric and stationary spectral model with multilayers in the vertical was employed to simulate thevertical propagation of waves triggered by mountains.Results show that,in cooperation with the East Asia zonal meanflow,Tibetan Plateau can excite a strong wavenumber 1 perturbation in the stratosphere with its ridge and trough lo-cated over the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans respectively.On the other hand,the stratospheric wavenumber 1 perturbationcaused by the mechanical forcing of the Rocky Mountains in cooperation with the North America zonal mean flow isvery weak.Calculations from observational data of the vertical profile of critical wavenumber for vertically propagatingwaves imply that the tropospheric wavenumber 1 perturbation can hardly penetrate the North America tropopause up-wards,whereas it can freely propagate through the East Asia tropopause into the stratosphere.Two-dimensional E-Pcross-sections obtained from both observational data and simulated results also demonstrate that waves excited by theRocky Mountains are refracted towards low latitudes in the troposphere during their upward propagation:whereas,inaddition to the above mentioned equatorward leaning branch,the wavenumber 1 and 2 planetary waves excited by theTibetan Plateau possess another branch which is refracted to high latitudes during upward propagation and penetratesthe tropopause into the stratosphere.It is therefore concluded that the difference in the horizontal and vertical wavepropagations in the two hemispheres is a result of the different dynamical forcing induced by the two main mountains inthe Northern Hemisphere.     

Culm Plants from Northern Kuangtung

正 In February 1943 some valuable specimens of plant fossils were collected by the members of the Geological Survey of Kuangtung and Kuangsi from a coal series in     

盐湖地球化学家──于升松教授

于升松,教授,男,于1941年10月出生,山东文登人,汉族,1965年毕业于北京地质学院水文地质及工程地质系;1986－1988年作为访问学者赴美国迈阿密大学学习和研究两年。在这期间曾赴南极洲一个月,研究了干谷地区盐湖痕量元素地球化学;1990－1993年先后赴美国、俄罗斯和西班牙等国科学考察和学术交流;现为中国科学院盐湖研究所地球化学研究室主任,研究员,中国地质大学兼职教授,博士导师。于升松同志自1965年参加工作以来,主要从事盐湖地球化学及多学科交叉的盐湖学领域的研究,先后主持和参加了国家科技攻关、国际合作、国家自然科学…     

Carboniferous Mixed Terrigenous Clastic, Carbonate and Sulphate Sediments in the Bachu Area, Xinjiang

The Carboniferous system in the Xiaohaizi area, Bachu County, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, composed of typical mixed terrigenous clastic, carbonate and sulphate sediments, was mainly deposited in the tidal flat and lagoon environments. The mixed sediments occur as the following eleven types: 1. limestone intercalated with siltstone; 2. interbeds of shale and limestone; 3. gypsolyte interbedded with limestone; 4. gypsolyte intercalated with siltstone; 5. gypsolyte interbedded with shale; 6. gypsolyte intercalated with siltstone, limestone and dolomite; 7. siltstone interbedded with gypsolyte and limestone; 8. terrigenous detritus scattered in carbonate matrix; 9. carbonate as cement in clastic rocks; 10. mixed sediments of carbonate and terrigenous mud; 11. mixed sediments of carbonate grains with terrigenous sand. Based on the analysis of the dynamic mechanism of mixed sediments, it is believed that these types of mixed sediments in the study area were controlled by climate, sea level change and so     

改进Moser法射线追踪

地震波场正演模拟、层析成像、偏移成像经常需要用到射线追踪,本文在基于图形理论的Ｍｏｓｅｒ法基础上,改进其网格节点的划分、追踪时路径的选取,并增加直射线追踪以消除在速度变化不大时射线受节点布置影响出现不合理的折曲现象．     

典型构造微破裂集结的实验研究

通过大理岩破裂实验,考察了典型构造中微裂纹的演化、集结的过程和特征．根据损伤理论,分析了构造对微破裂演化的控制作用．根据微破裂集结临界条件的相似原理,认为这些特征可以类推到公里尺度,它们有助于解释地震中短期阶段的前震或广义前震分布,作为地震前兆的一次效应．其它物理效应为二次或三次效应．微破裂集结时局部密度突然加大,有助于解释部分前兆记录突跳现象．非集结部分出现部分微裂纹愈合,密度反向变化,有助于解释一些前兆记录在短临阶段记录中出现反向的现象．考察了不同构造的不同部位微破裂萌生和演化的范围差异,这些差异有助于解释不同地质构造孕震区域的孕震过程,从而可解释板缘和板内地震前兆记录的差异．这种差异可能被不同观点学者分别引用,以论证地震是否有前兆记录的问题．然而,在考察不同地区的前兆记录时,必须注意不同地区的地质背景．      

BIOTECHNOLOGIST IN MARICULTURE──PROFESSOR ZHANG GUO-FAN

Professor Zhang Guofan, born in Haicheng, Liaoning Province, China in April 1954, graduatedfrom Xiamen University majoring in marine biology, gained his MS degree in South China SeaInstitute, the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1982 and his Ph. D. in Institute of Oceanology, theChinese Academy of Sciences in 1992. Now he is professor of shellfish mariculture at DalianFisheries University and director of Key Laboratory of Mariculture Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture.Dr. Zhang has e…     

TURBULENCE STRUCTURE AND TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS IN THE SURFACE LAYER OF HEIFE GOBI AREA

Based on the HEIFE 1988 and 1990 pilot observations,an analysis on the turbulence structure of Gobi surfacelayer,mainly on the similarity formulations of wind and temperature variances,the spectra and cospectracharacteristics,is presented.The phenomenon of downward water vapor flux over Gobi desert in daytime is confirmedin both observations,this and the well-known‘oasis effect’are two sides of a local mesoscale circulation.     

OBSERVATION AND MODEL ANALYSES OF POSITIVE CLOUD-TO-GROUND LIGHTNING IN MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE SYSTEMS

The analyses of spatial and temporal characteristics of positive cloud-to-ground(CG)lightning for four mesoscaleconvective systems and two severe local convective systems in 1989 and 1990 show that positive CG flash rate usuallyhas two peak values.The major peak occurs during the developing stage of the storm and most of the positive CGflashes originate at the lower part of the storm.The minor occurs during the dissipative stage of the storm and most ofthe positive CG flashes originate at the upper part of the storm,especially in the region of the wind divergence in thestorm anvil.The positive CG flash rate is almost an order of magnitude larger in the developing stage than in thedissipative stage.The appearing time of the peak of negative CG flash rate is in accordance with that of the valley of pos-itive CG flash rate.The higher the intensity of the radar echo,the higher the positive CG flash rate.Most of the positive CG flashes oc-cur when the weak echo area is larger,and mostly originate in the region where the radar echo intensity is about 10dBzand in the back region of the moving storms.The spatial distribution of the positive CG flashes is much more dispersivethan that of the negative.The mesoscale analysis reveals a bipolar lightning pattern.The mean bipole--length reaches itsminimum during the mature stage of the storm and reaches the maximum during the developing stage of the storm.The vertical distribution of the charge density is calculated by a one-dimensional charging model.Then,we discussthe producing condition of the positive CG lightning and forming cause of charge structure mentioned above.     

粘滑过程中声发射序列的时间分布及前兆特征

用声发射波形采集分析系统记录的完整花岗岩在固体围压下破裂及粘滑过程中产生的声发射波形,研究了声发射和粘滑时间序列与天然地震序列的关系,讨论了粘滑过程的时间分布,发现粘滑事件的累积频度曲线随时间的变化受围压和应变率影响,大致呈现指数函数和线性关系两种形式。总事件(包括粘滑和声发射)的累积频度随时间的变化在不同的实验条件下呈现出对数函数形式,粘滑序列中的声发射随时间减少。本文的结果对于研究不同应变速率及不同震源深度的地区的地震活动时间分布特征,以及在判别地震活跃期内不同阶段强震序列类型和前兆特征有一定参考作用。