不平静的海底生活

众所周知,80—90％的地震不是发生在大陆上(然而在大陆上地震会引起强烈破坏),而是发生在海洋底下。在海洋底下发生的地震,对人不但会直接(首先在油气开采地区)构成威胁,而且还会由于产生有破坏力的海浪(海啸)而构成威胁。通常只用地面上相当密集的地震台网观测地震,这些台网由于远离海底地震震源而不可能详细地弄清海底发生的各种过程。此外,它们还会提供失真的地球地震     

德奎利亚尔发布自然灾害报告

最近20年间,因自然灾害死亡约300万人,最少有8亿人无家可归,患了各种疾病,遭受到严重的经济损失,包括数百亿美元的直接损失。这些资料是在今天发布的联合国秘书长关于国际减轻自然灾害十年的报告中提到的。1987年联合国大会通过一项宣布90年代为“国际社会在联合国保护下将特别关注在减轻自然灾害危险性方面加强合作”的十年的决议。     

Overview of integrative tools and methods in assessing ecological integrity in estuarine and coastal systems worldwide

In recent years, several sets of legislation worldwide (Oceans Act in USA, Australia or Canada; Water Framework Directive or Marine Strategy in Europe, National Water Act in South Africa, etc.) have been developed in order to address ecological quality or integrity, within estuarine and coastal systems. Most such legislation seeks to define quality in an integrative way, by using several biological elements, together with physico-chemical and pollution elements. Such an approach allows assessment of ecological status at the ecosystem level ('ecosystem approach' or 'holistic approach' methodologies), rather than at species level (e.g. mussel biomonitoring or Mussel Watch) or just at chemical level (i.e. quality objectives) alone. Increasing attention has been paid to the development of tools for different physico-chemical or biological (phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthos, algae, phanerogams, fishes) elements of the ecosystems. However, few methodologies integrate all the elements into a single evaluation of a water body. The need for such integrative tools to assess ecosystem quality is very important, both from a scientific and stakeholder point of view. Politicians and managers need information from simple and pragmatic, but scientifically sound methodologies, in order to show to society the evolution of a zone (estuary, coastal area, etc.), taking into account human pressures or recovery processes. These approaches include: (i) multidisciplinarity, inherent in the teams involved in their implementation; (ii) integration of biotic and abiotic factors; (iii) accurate and validated methods in determining ecological integrity; and (iv) adequate indicators to follow the evolution of the monitored ecosystems. While some countries increasingly use the establishment of marine parks to conserve marine biodiversity and ecological integrity, there is awareness (e.g. in Australia) that conservation and management of marine ecosystems cannot be restricted to Marine Protected Areas but must include areas outside such reserves. This contribution reviews the current situation of integrative ecological assessment worldwide, by presenting several examples from each of the continents: Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe and North America.     

印度学者对建造水坝表示担忧

印度马哈拉斯特拉邦的科伊纳地区不算是地震活动最频繁的地区。但几年前,那里一次强震毁灭了许多居民点,有200人在住宅的废墟下面丧生,1500多人受伤。在距震中250公里的孟买也感到了强烈震动。据《印度快报》报道,过去几年做过的研究使很多学者不得不得出这样的结论:筑有拦河坝的什瓦吉—萨加尔水库是发生地震的原因。     

在苏联埃里温西南区新居住区一幢住宅内的“地震”

清晨,在埃里温西南区一片新居住区的一幢16层住宅楼内,混凝土墙壁颤抖,窗玻璃发出响声,地板在脚下晃动。Ⅶ至Ⅶ度半(烈度)的强烈震动持续了几乎9分钟。然而,城市居民却未感觉到土地振动。这是怎么回事?是地震吗?是的,但只不过是预先安排好的。震动源是住宅建设联合企业工地上的一个大功率振动台。起重机把一个许多吨重的庞然大物安放在一幢建筑物的屋顶     

Radiometry of near-earth asteroids

We report 10 micrometers infrared photometry for 22 Aten, Apollo, and Amor asteroids. Thermal models are used to derive the corresponding radiometric albedos and diameters. Several of these asteroids appear to have surfaces of relatively high thermal inertia due to the exposure of bare rock or a coarse regolith. The Apollo asteroid 3103, 1982 BB, is recognized as class E. The Jupiter-crossing Amor asteroid 3552, 1983 SA, is confirmed as class D, but low albedos remain rare for near-Earth asteroids.     

苏联出版的三本俄文版地震专业书简介

经苏联乌兹别克苏维埃社会主义共和国科学院地学部和地震研究所学术委员会批准,由“苏联科学院分院”出版社(塔什干)出版的三本俄文版地震专著,介绍了乌兹别克斯坦地震研究的成果,以及塔什干大地震和两次加兹利地震的研究成果。现将主要内容简介如下:1.《乌兹别克斯坦的地震研究》此书于1979年出版,全书分为4章,即:①地震活动性和地震区划;②震源区研究;③震源参数特征;④观测仪器和方法。2.《1966年4月26日塔什干地震》此书于1971年出版,全书分为4个部分。第一部分含5章,即;①地震效应和地震显