威德尔海西缘深部与底层海流

南大西洋威德尔环流是环南极海流中最大的气旋向极环流，其西部覆盖威德尔海。威德尔海的海冰变化不定，而热量和湿气在垂向上的强劲流动则在威德尔环流和海水之上形成寒冷的极地大气，这使威德尔环流成为南极底层水(AABW)的一个主要源地．在冬季，海冰几乎覆盖整个威德尔环流；在夏季，除威德尔海西部外，     

Toxicity assessment of sediment cores from Santa Monica Bay,California

During the summer of 1997, sediment core samples were taken at 25 stations in Santa Monica Bay. Toxicity testing was performed on 4-cm sections of the entire length of each core using purple sea urchin fertilization and amphipod survival tests. The sea urchin test identified sections as being toxic at six stations, all located near current or former Hyperion Treatment Plant (HTP) wastewater outfall locations. The amphipod test identified sections from 17 stations as having toxic sediments. The stations having toxic sediments were scattered throughout the bay and toxicity was identified at numerous core depths. Spatial and temporal patterns indicated that toxicity was most strongly associated with the historical disposal of municipal wastewater sludge. Many of the sections toxic to the amphipods did not have chemical levels expected to cause toxicity and were in locations where a source of toxicity was not apparent.     

Geographical and temporal variation in levels of organochlorine contaminants in marine mammals

The interpretation of the spatial and temporal patterns of variation in organochlorine concentrations in marine mammal populations is complex because of the lack of wide-scale, long-term surveys. Therefore the results from several surveys must be combined and this causes undesired heterogeneity due to differences in the sampling and analytical techniques used and in the biological characteristics of the individuals sampled. Moreover, information is not homogeneously distributed in either space or in time. Most research is concentrated in western Europe, northern America and certain areas of Asia, while it is extremely limited or non-existent in Africa and most regions of the southern hemisphere. Marine mammals from the temperate fringe of the northern hemisphere, particularly fish-eating species which inhabit the mid-latitudes of Europe and North America, show the greatest organochlorine loads; noteworthy are the extremely high levels found in the Mediterranean Sea and certain locations on the western coasts of the United States. Concentrations in the tropical and equatorial fringe of the northern hemisphere and throughout the southern hemisphere are low or extremely low. The polar regions of both hemispheres showed the lowest concentrations of DDTs and PCBs, although levels of HCHs, chlordanes and HCB were moderate to high in the cold waters of the North Pacific. During recent decades, concentrations have tended to decrease in the regions where pollution was initially high but they have increased in regions located far from the pollution source as a consequence of atmospheric transport and redistribution. It is expected that the Arctic and, to a lesser extent, the Antarctic, will become major sinks for organochlorines in the future; this process may already be significant for some compounds such as HCB and HCHs. Effort should be devoted to both assessment of organochlorine trends in the now highly polluted populations of the temperate fringe of the northern hemisphere and to the implementation of long-term monitoring of marine mammal populations inhabiting polar regions.     

长江口可溶态210Pb的来源、分布和逗留时间

于１９８６年１月，采取大体积取样，Ｃｏ－ＡＰＤＣ螯合并沉淀富集分离，银片上自沉积和ａ－计算分析，研究长江口区可溶态２１０Ｐｂ的来源，分布和逗留时间。结果表明，全区平均放射性比度为７．５ｄｐｍ／ｍ＾３，从河向海纵向分布呈口内段和近外海两端高，而低谷出现在中间的口门外最大浊度及稀释带高生产力区。２１０Ｐｂ明显因悬浮颗粒物的吸附絮凝沉降和浮游生物的吸收利用被清除。经探析，该区２１０Ｐｂ主要来源是大气气溶     

The impact of oil-derived products on the behaviour and biochemistry of the eleven-armed asteroid Coscinasterias muricata (Echinodermata)

The present study examines the impact of exposure to oil-derived products on the behaviour and physiology of the Australian 11-armed asteroid Coscinasterias muricata. Asteroids were exposed to dilutions of water-accommodated fraction (WAF) of Bass Strait stabilised crude oil, dispersed oil or burnt oil (n = 8) for 4 days whereby, prey-localisation behaviour was examined immediately after exposure, and following 2, 7, and 14 days depuration in clean seawater. The prey-localisation behaviour of asteroids exposed to WAF and dispersed oil was significantly affected though recovery was apparent following 7 and 14 days depuration, respectively. In contrast, there was no significant change in the prey-localisation behaviour of asteroids exposed to burnt oil. Behavioural impacts were correlated with the total petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations (C6-C36) in each exposure solution, WAF (1.8 mg l(-1)), dispersed oil (3.5 mg l(-1)) and burnt oil (1.14 mg l(-1), respectively. The total microsomal cytochrome P450 content was significantly lower (P(Dunnett test) < 0.01) in asteroids exposed to dispersed oil than in any other asteroids, whilst asteroid alkaline phosphatase activity was not significantly affected (P(ANOVA) = 0.11). This study further documents the deleterious impact of dispersed oil to marine organisms and supports further research in the area of in situ burning as a less damaging oil spill response measure towards benthic macro-invertebrates.     

Effect of an exotic prey on the feeding pattern of a predatory snail

The mussel Brachidontes pharaonis, which invaded the Mediterranean from the Red Sea about 120 years ago, has recently become abundant in many midlittoral and some infralittoral rocky habitats along the Israeli rocky shore. We investigated the influence of B. pharaonis, as a novel prey, on the foraging patterns of the large whelk Stramonita haemastoma in the field, and examined food preferences in the laboratory. S. haemastoma has shifted from indigenous species to feeding on the novel mussel when abundant. The whelk prefers to prey upon the invasive mussel over all indigenous species offered (e.g. barnacles and mussels), probably due to its larger size. In the midlittoral zone, the foraging activity of S. haemastoma is considerably low even where refuges are readily available (incisioned-rocks) and food density is high (mainly B. pharaonis). Higher proportions of whelks are actively foraging in the infralittoral zone but usually on smaller prey, mostly barnacles. We suggest that this differential foraging activity in the two zones is related to the degree of exposure to wave action. The midlittoral is inherently more exposed to wave action than the infralittoral, where sea conditions are more benign and the whelks may enjoy longer activity periods.     

Disorder and recovery of environmental health monitored by means of lysosomal stability in liver of European flounder (Platichthys flesus L.)

From 1995 to 2000 biological effects were studied in liver of flounder (Platichtysflesus L.) from the German Bight. During the study period deleterious consequences of acute discharges of DDT and PCBs in early spring 1996 and after 1998 due to remobilization of contaminants from riverbed deepening of the River Elbe became evident. As core biomarker which reflects toxically induced liver pathologies and integrates effects of various classes of pollutants we measured the integrity of lysosomal membranes in individual flounder liver. During the study period, twice statistically significant disturbances of lysosomal function was detected in fish from the River Elbe: in summer 1996 and in spring 1999. Yet, the detrimental contaminant effects were not only restricted to individuals from the Elbe but expanded to those flounder inhabiting formerly less polluted reference areas. In contrast to flounder of the Elbe, their ability to recover from the lysosomal disorders were limited. While in autumn 2000 Elbe individuals showed clear signs of recovery, those fish caught in areas more distant to the source of toxicant input still maintained significantly decreased lysosomal membrane integrity. It can be speculated that fish populations which are not continuously exposed to chronic anthropogenic stress may have a lower potential or need a longer period to recover from the effects of pollution.     

世界海洋石油污染物的地理分布及其消亡规律的研究

大西洋及其所属海域主航道承担了大量石油及其产品的运输任务，也是石油污染物最为集中的地方，然而在公海也聚集着大量石油污染物，太平洋属于污染较轻的，但日本周围，东海，南海和北美沿岸海面上的也常被石油薄膜或团块充斥，只在赤道及南太平洋是很少有石油污染物的领域。大洋环流，信风流是石油污染扩散的重要角色，北大西洋暖流可以把大量的石油污染物携带到遥运的挪威，巴伦支海，乃至整个北冰洋，使之成为举世瞩目的（石油）     

墨西哥湾气体水合物微生物群落结构特征：DNA与RNA源的克隆文库比较分析

为了更好的了解微生物活动在墨西哥湾水合物生态系统中的作用和贡献，我们对固态气水合物中的微生物，尤其在原位水合物环境下生理上比较活跃的微生物组合特征进行了研究。本次研究首先从含沉积物水合物层（SEH）和水合物层内部（IH）提取RNA和DNA，然后对RNA和DNA源的16SrRNA克隆文库进行系统发育学分析，从而确定细菌和古菌的群落组成。克隆分析所用的水合物样品是由水下载入深潜器上的Johnson Sea Link水合物取样器在墨西哥湾北部大陆坡一个有明显水合物活动特征的裸露的隆丘上获得的（水深：550m）。较早时的地球化学分析表明，微生物群落在SHE层中的新陈代谢能力要比在珊层中的新陈代谢能力强（B．N．Orcutt，A．Boetius，S．K．Lugo，I．R．Macdonald，V．A．Samarkin，and S．Joye，Chem．Geol．205：239—251）。RNA和DNA源的克隆文库系统发育学分析表明，SHE层的克隆文库的多样性要比在珊层中的大。从微生物群落新陈代谢活动部分所获得的克隆大多数与推测的硫酸盐还原细菌和厌氧氧化甲烷古菌密切相关。在RNA和DNA源的克隆文库中也发现一些先前未经人工隔离培养的新的细菌和古菌种群。本次研究是首次对赋存在墨西哥湾水合物丘的SHE层和珊层微生物群落新陈代谢活动进行分子系统发育学分析。     

海底天然气水合物稳定的热力学条件

在几乎所有的海底都有适合于天然气水合物的温度和压力，但是热力学平衡提出了形成水合物需要另一个涉及到溶解气浓度的条件。通过一种模拟退火算法--这种算法使得甲烷气体与海水混合物的自由能最小-我们量化了水合物的热力学条件。平衡相用一个压力、温度和盐度的函数来描述各稳定相的成分。我们发现溶解气的浓度（溶解度）随着温度的增加而迅速下降。在海水中，气体溶解度在特定的盐度时也是降低的。由于低溶解度会减少形成水合物所需要的气体量，所以海水中的盐实际上促进了水合物的形成。盐度的变化（常常引起水合物形成情况的变化）增加了一个热力学自由度，这就形成了一个三相区，此区域中水合物、海水和自由气体在恒压下的一个温度范围内共存。我们把该计算用于确定海底稳定相的分布。气体溶解度的计算结果表明水合物可以直接由海底的溶解气结晶而成。气体沿着平衡浓度梯度的扩散表明气体被连续不断地由水合物层运送到所覆盖的海水中。为了在海底沉积的过程中保持水合物，需要有一个持续的甲烷气源以弥补扩散所引起的损失。通过简单的近海沉积的物理条件模型就可以估算水合物的生长和消耗。