A note on the energy loss from pulsars

We respond to comments made in a recent letter by Karimet al. (1984), and show that the examples of interstellar absorption at2800 Å that they have presented so far can all be attributed to overexposure of the IUE detectors.     

Distance estimate of M31 based on the size distribution of Hii regions and dark clouds

The size distribution of dark clouds and of H II regions were used to derive a distance of 440±22 kpc for M31. Some galactic H II regions and dark clouds were combined with the same ingredients in M31 to study the mass spectrum of both phenomena. A gas to dust ratio of 10001 has been derived for M31. Radii of the classical H II regions as derived in this work using distance of 440 kpc agrees with the galactic classical H II region radii.     

The solar causes of geomagnetic disturbances

Geomagnetic disturbances have been identified with respect to their sources for 1977–1983. The disturbance level was found using the daily planetary index A _p. High-amplitude ( 50), mean-amplitude (24) and low-amplitude ( 12) disturbances are caused by solar flares of importance 1, coronal holes, and filament cavities, respectively. The ranges of probable amplitudes of disturbances of different nature and their relative number are found from Poisson random distributions of amplitudes.     

The diameter of the sun at decameter wavelengths

Using observations obtained with the Clark Lake radioheliograph we determined the diameter of the Sun in the decameter wavelength range. Both equatorial and polar diameters increase with decreasing frequency, as D=Af . The eccentricity of the brightness distribution appears to remain constant in the frequency range (30–74 MHz) in good agreement with the optical results in a corresponding height range. The smaller size of the polar diameter is attributed to coronal holes covering the poles during the period of our observations, while streamers were observed at the equator most of the time.     

Numerical simulations of comet nuclei: II. The effect of the dust mantle

The insulating effect of an evolving dust mantle is examined. The role of this mantle in determining the surface temperature of the ice core is studied as a function of the mass fraction of the dust in the ice-dust mixture and the thermal conductivity of the nucleus. Using the so-called “looselattice” model of D.A. Mendis and G.D. Brin (1977, Moon17, 359–372) (which was also extended to include cracks and pores in the mantle), it was found that both high dust to ice ratios and high core conductivities inhibit mantle blowoff. Indeed, it is often possible to build an essentially permanent dust mantle around an ice nucleus, so that the nucleus will take on an asteroidal appearance.     

On the collision probability for comets with the Sun

We consider the collision probability for comets with the Sun under the suppositions of different velocity distributions and various initial conditions. We solve the problem applying Laplace's method and using Schiaparelli's hyperboloid of visibility. The probabilities obtained in this manner are given separately for elliptic and hyperbolic orbits.     

Propagation of the cosmic-ray iron group at intermediate energies

Elemental abundances of the VH group of cosmic radiation have been measured in the energy interval 250–550 MeV nucl^–1 in a balloon exposure at Sioux Falls (South Dakota) of a plastic detector LeXAN stack. The so obtained abundances have been extrapolated to the sources in the frame of the homogeneous model correcting for energy loss. After taking into account solar modulation, the best fit to model values has led to a escape mean free path _e = 5E ^–0.4 g cm^–2, whereE is the energy in GeV nucl^–1, forE>1 GeV nucl^–1, and a constant _e = 5 g cm^–2 forE1 GeV nucl^–1. When turning to the diffusion model, also including an energy loss term, a diffusion coefficientD=3×10²⁸ cm² s^–1 has been estimated.     

Effects on partial prequency redistributionR II on the level population ratios in a resonance line

Angle-averaged partial frequency redistributionR II has been employed in obtaining a simultaneous solution of radiative transfer equation in the comoving frame and the statistical equilibrium equation for a non-LTE two level atom. We have obtained the ratios of population densities of the upper and lower levels of the resonance line of PV by utilizing the data given in Bernacca and Bianchi (1979). Line source functions are also obtained for different types of variations of density and velocity of the expanding gases. We have considered the atmosphere to be 11 times as thick as the stellar radius. The first iteration was started by putting the density of the upper level (N ₂) equal to zero. However, the convergent solution shows a substantial increase inN ₂ although it is still much less than the equilibrium value. The line source function and the ratio of the densities of the particles in the upper and lower levels fall sharply from a maximum at τ=τ_max to minimum at τ=0. We have studied the scattering integral \(\int {_{ - \infty }^{ + \infty } J_x \phi _x } dx\) and found that this quantity also varies quite similar to the ratioN ₂/N ₁ and the line source functionS _L.     

Effect of the Coriolis force and slowly varying flow on the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability

The effect of the Coriolis force on the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability has been investigated, in which basic velocities of fluid are varying slowly with lateral coordinatey. The problem is solved by J.W.K.B. approximation method. Parabolic and other types of profiles for wide long channel flow have also been studied in detail.     

A sociodemographic typology of middle-level regions in the USSR

"Oblast-level regions of the USSR are grouped and mapped in nine types and a number of subtypes to reflect a combination of demographic factors: level of urbanization, urban and rural population growth, and population density. The typology can be used to devise sets of spatially differentiated measures to carry out a demographic policy and to regulate the sociodemographic evolution of regions."