登陆热带气旋路径和强度预报的效益评估初步研究

近年来有关热带气旋(TC)灾情的评估指标和方法的研究取得明显进展,但较少涉及TC预报对减少灾害损失的贡献(即效益)分析。基于中央气象台的TC实时路径和强度预报,针对登陆中国大陆的TC,初步分析了TC的路径和强度预报误差与其造成的直接经济损失之间的可能关系,并在此基础上建立了包含TC路径和强度预报误差的TC直接经济损失的预估模型。TC登陆前后24 h的路径和强度预报误差与TC所致直接经济损失均呈正相关关系;对于单个登陆TC而言,若24 h TC路径预报误差每减小1 km可减少因灾直接经济损失约0.97亿元,若强度预报每减小1 m/s可减少因灾直接经济损失约3.8亿元(以2014年为基准年)。可见,提高TC路径和强度预报精度对于减灾的效益巨大,且当前尤以提高强度预报能力的效益为佳。      

热带风暴形成过程中的涡旋自组织及其复杂性：一个典型个例的红外云图分析

应用高分辨率的红外卫星云图资料,对台风8807从热带低压发展成热带风暴的过程进行了分析,给出了热带风暴形成过程伴随着复杂涡旋自组织现象的观测证据。结果发现,涡旋自组织可在从数十到十万km2的各种尺度扰动云团之间发生,发生合并的云团除了理想数值试验中的两类前景之外,还存在第三类前景,即较大尺度的云团会发生分裂,部分与其他云团合并。合并形成的新云团可能发展也有可能减弱,这应取决于新云团所处的环境以及是否有其他云团补充并入。用二维Fourier分析可以清楚地看到8807发展成热带风暴的过程可分为两个阶段,一是多涡共存,不同方向、不同尺度系统能量转换频繁阶段,另一是单涡发展阶段,谱密度等值线形态稳定少变。分维计算结果表明,热带风暴形成过程中的相关云团较已有研究分析的云团略显规则,分维略小于已有结果。此外,临界温度取值不同,分维是有差异的,边界温度越低,分维越小。     

EFFECTS OF SST, VWS, AND DCC UPON RAPID INTENSIFICATION OF OFF-SHORE TYPHOONS IN CHINA SEAS

In this study, we employed National Centers for Environmental Prediction(NCEP)/National Center for Atmospheric Research(NCAR) reanalysis data and records from the China Meteorological Administration(CMA)Yearbook of Tropical Cyclones to investigate three factors: sea-surface temperature(SST), vertical wind shear(VWS),and the density of the core convection(DCC), which are responsible for the rapid intensification(RI) of 1949-2013 offshore typhoons. Our analysis results of these composite factors show that in the environmental wind field the typhoons are far away from the outer strong VWS; in the SST field they are in the high SST area; and the core convective activity is robust and takes a bimodal pattern. The difference in RI between typhoons over the East China Sea(ECS) and the South China Sea(SCS) is a smaller VWS for the ECS typhoons, which may be one of the reasons why typhoons in the ECS are more intense than those in the SCS. Our study results indicate that SST, VWS, and DCC can result in an RI after a certain time interval of 36 h, 24 h to 30 h, and 24 h, respectively. The RI indicates a lag in the atmospheric response to oceanic conditions. This lag characteristic makes it possible to predict RI events. In summary, where the SST is high(≥28 ℃), the VWS is small, and the DCC is high, an RI will occur. Where mid-range SSTs occur(26 ℃≤SST≤28 ℃), with small VWS, and high DCC, the RI of typhoons is also likely to occur.     

登陆台风站点大风预报的人工神经网络方法

利用数值预报格点资料预报登陆台风影响时,沿海地区站点风的预报是各站点的定时二分钟风向风速。通过对MICAPS站点资料进行整合、分析,选取了沿海地区400多个资料比较齐全的站点和海岛站作为预报站点。用NCEP再分析场的格点资料做相关性分析,选定9个预报因子。运用BP网络对每个站点分别建立纬向风和经向风人工神经网络模型,拟合风速的绝对值误差是1.3 m·s~(-1)。独立样本检验,风速绝对误差在2 m·s~(-1)以内。     

2002年8月3日河北怀来ML4.4地震破裂特征研究

地震震源断层面及其破裂特征的研究是地震学中的主要内容之一,它对深入认识地震的发生过程以及对地震预测研究都具有科学意义,一直受到国内外地震学家们的广泛关注.     

地震学在减轻矿山地质灾害中的应用进展

综述了煤矿安全对于地球物理应用的需求,以及近年来地震学在煤矿减轻地质灾害的应用进展,特别是微震监测分析在若干典型煤矿应用得到的初步成果。这些成果不但对于煤矿安全具有重要意义,而且对于认识构造地震成因和验证预测方法,也具有中尺度试验意义。     

Correlation between the seismicity parameters

Though the forecast and prediction of earthquakes is a commonly accepted difficult problem in science, the step towards the exploration and knowledge of the generation and occurrence of earthquakes has never stopped. It has strong scientific exploration nature and great social efficacy in disaster reduction. For this reason, it has always been the object and motivation pursued assiduously by earthquake researchers. It is beyond doubt that the study of seismicity is still one of the important information sources that have historical records of the longest time and most abundant earthquake cases that can be testified. For many years, with the progress of study in this aspect and the unceasing increase of study methods, there have been not less than tens of methods that can be used to describe theseismicity characteristics from different angles. It is of great importance to determine from the numerous methods those ones that are relatively independent and to understand how many dimensions are there to restrict the complexsystem of earthquake generation and occurrence. Taking these as a referential basis, we would be able to identify the quantities that restrict the study of the seismogenic system, to raise the scientific value and rigorousness of prediction and forecast, and to get rid of the trouble of repeated information superposition.     

基于偏最小二乘回归理论的西北太平洋热带气旋强度统计预报方法

热带气旋(TC)的强度预报是TC研究中的前沿性问题和实际业务中的难点.当前具有参考价值的预报方法主要是统计类或模式释用类方法,例如气候持续性(CLIPER)模型等.CLIPER模型的核心技术为多元线性回归,这种回归算法在预报因子之间存在多重相关性时会丧失建模的稳健性,进而影响CLIPER模型的预报精度.为了提高CLIP...     

用支持向量机方法做登陆热带气旋站点大风预报

将支持向量机（SVM）回归方法应用于在登陆热带气旋影响下,每天00、06、12、18 UTC 4时次2分钟平均的站点风速预报。从2002-2007年热带气旋本身强度、站点地形情况和站点附近高低空环境场要素,设计相关因子,建立了4种预报模式,其中模式4的风速拟合误差的标准差为1.591 m·s~（-1）。用2008年8个登录热带气旋做独立样本检验,预报风速与实际风速的平均绝对值误差为1.750 m·s~（-1）,标准差为2.367 m·s~（-1）。结果表明,在适当的样本截取和预报因子选取后,SVM方法建模的风速预报48小时内效果较好。     

INTENSITY CHANGE CHARACTERISTICS OF TROPICAL CYCLONES IN THE WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC AS REVEALED BY THREE DIFFERENT DATASETS

Analyzed in this paper are the 20-yr(1991-2010)tropical cyclone(TC)intensity from three forecast centers in the Western North Pacific,i.e.China Meteorological Administration(CMA),Japan Meteorological Agency(JMA),and Joint Typhoon Warning Center(JTWC)of the United States.Results show that there is more or less discrepancy in the intensity change of a TC among different datasets.The maximum discrepancy reaches 22 hPa/6h(42 hPa/6h,33 hPa/6h)between CMA and JMA(CMA and JTWC,JMA and JTWC).Special attention is paid to the records for abrupt intensity change,which is currently a difficult issue for forecasters globally.It is found that an abrupt intensity change process recorded by one dataset can have,in some extreme cases,intensity change in another dataset varying from 0 to≥10 hPa/6h with the same sign or the opposite sign.In a total of 2511 cases experiencing rapid intensity change,only 14%have consensus among all the three datasets and 25%have agreement between two of the three datasets.In spite of such a significant uncertainty,the three datasets agree on the general statistical characteristics of abrupt intensity change,including regional and seasonal distribution,the relationship with initial intensity and TC moving speed,and persistence features.Notable disagreement is on very strong systems(SuperTY)and TCs moving very fast.