大陆内部的古缝合带

大陆内部的古缝合带是包括残余古海盆的变形地区.它们是在两个早先被海盆分开的大陆块或岛弧,在板块活动时期发生会聚碰撞时形成的。今天我们所得到的唯一记录,是这些地带的深海壳和古海底。它们代表了地球形成历史的94%。为了认识和解释这些古老地带,本文讨论了十条标准。为研究这些地带而制定的这个规划对美国具有很大的科学意义和较高的经济价值。比起其它大型国家科研项目来讲亦较为经济.     

地中海盐沉积的成因——兼论邻近地区晚第三纪盐沉积

地中海海底盐沉积,不可能是整个海盆多次干化的结果,特别是沉积当时,盆地底部的地形条件如果类似现代地中海,干化成盐更属子虚之词。相反,大西洋的盐-水补给,使其含盐量不断提高,最终导致盐矿物的沉淀——这种假说看来不仅合理,也为当时地质上的时空特点所印证。一次异常的突发的成盐高潮,绝不能形成地中海地区众多的盐矿床。它们的形成,也许要和当时的地质环境联系起来;晚第三纪时,地中海周围广大地区遍布着陆缘海和内盆地(众所周知,这儿是大小型盐类矿床的潜在产地)。盐矿沉积,是和这些盆地沉积环境的普遍特点相适应的。     

EUTROPHICATION AND RED TIDES AS CONSEQUENCES OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

1 mTRoorcnoxThe EnvirDment AgenCy of UK (l997) defins eUtIDPhication as "the enrichInnt of waters byinorgedc plant nUtrientS that result in the simulation of an mp Of syInPtOInati changes. These includethe inCrased PrOduCtiOn Of aigae or othe aquatic PlantS, affeChng the quallty of the water and distUIbingthe balance Of orpedsms Present within it. Such changes Inay be undesirable and intetw with wateuses." Sndth et al. (l999) indicated tha eopation of waters is mainly caused by h…     

一个三维水动力学模型及其在水环境中的适用性试验

发展了一个三维水动力学模型.该模型在水底磨擦项计算中,采用了流速的平方根法;在湍流扩散系数的估算中,采用了带稳定度函数的参数化方案;对垂直方向上的坐标进行了压缩,引入σ坐标;对时间变量则采用了分离模式技术,即外部模式(快过程)与内部模式(慢过程);而求解外部模式时,采用了显式一隐式格式交错法(ADI),从而使模型不仅计算时间缩短,且可应用于水很深而水平空间尺度很小,又有热力分层的水域中.最后作为该模型的一个实用性试验,选择了美国犹他州East Canyon水库,利用该模型探讨了温跃层对风、人流及出流变化的响应情况.     

苏皖地区大陆岩石圈地幔的长时性--地幔橄榄岩捕虏体的锇同位素模式年龄

中国(USTC)和法国(CRPG)两个实验室测定了苏皖地区地幔橄榄岩捕虏体全岩的锇同位素组成,结果187Os/188Os=0.119～0.129(USTC,n=25,n为样品数,下同)和0.117～0.131(CRPG,n=17).大部分样品的Os同位素组成(<0.1290)呈亏损特征,Os同位素组成与主量成分之间有线性相关性.用187Os/188Os-Al2O3代用等时线法获得的模式年龄为(2.5±0.1)Ga(USTC)和(1.9±0.1)Ga(CRPG),为晚太古代-早元古代.样品组中最低的187Os/188Os比值为0.119(USTC)和0.117(CRPG),相应的Re亏损模式年龄为1.1Ga(USTC)和1.4Ga(CRPG),为中元古代.锇同位素模式年龄表明苏皖地区新生代玄武岩中包含的地幔橄榄岩捕虏体具有古老的形成年龄(早元古-中元古代),它们是经过显生宙岩石圈地幔减薄作用后的残余地幔的碎片,而不是显生宙"置换作用"中产生的新生地幔.     

藏高原雪冰电导率与降水碱度以及大气粉尘载荷变化的关系

对青藏高原小冬克玛底冰川和古里雅冰帽上的数个雪坑和浅冰芯的观测,得出其碱度(OH-)剖面、雪坑和冰芯的液态电导率(EC)变化与OH-之间呈良好线性相关(r≥0.8).分析表明,无论在季节、年际或百年际时间尺度上,EC与OH-间的相关性以及EC与可溶离子总量(TDS)间的相关程度是大致相当的.EC的波动主要取决于粉尘来源的碱性盐类(尤其Ca2+)的变化.因此,EC参量运用到深冰芯研究中,可反映历史时期大气粉尘载荷的变化,对反演沙漠演化、大气环流有重要意义.古里雅冰芯记录表明,大气粉尘的中、长期变化可能取决于气候参量的组合特征"冷-干"气候阶段粉尘量上升,EC和OH-值高;"暖-湿"阶段粉尘量下降,EC和OH-值低.20世纪初以来,随着藏北高原气候呈现暖湿化趋势,大气粉尘载荷明显下降.因此,EC可作为显示大气尘埃载荷变化的宏观标尺,是气候波动的"指示器".     

Discovery of A-type Granite Zone and Its Geodynamic Significance in the Western Kunlun Mts., China

l. IntroductionGranite distributes widely in western KunlunMts. Many researches have been conducted byscientists (Wang Yuzhen et.al., l987; Zhang Yuquanet.al., l989, Fang Xilian et.al., I990, Jiang Chunfaet.al., 1992; Pan Yusheng, l992, Xu Ronghua et.al.,l 994; Jing Daogui et.al., l996, Zhang Yuquan et.al.,l998). But all of the researches have been donealong Sino-Pakistan road and Xinjiang-Tibet roadt"ith fOcus on isotopic dating of the intrusion andconducted a few on origin and tect…     

The Relative Impact of Regional Scale Land Cover Change and Increasing CO2 over China

A series of 17-yr equilibrium simulations using the NCAR CCM3 (T42 resolution) were performed to investigate the regional scale impacts of land cover change and increasing CO2 over China. Simulations with natural and current land cover at CO2 levels of 280,355, 430, and 505 ppmv were conducted. Results show statistically significant changes in major climate fields (e.g. temperature and surface wind speed) on a 15-yr average following land cover change. We also found increases in the maximum temperature and in the diurnal temperature range due to land cover change. Increases in CO2 affect both the maximum and minimum temperature so that changes in the diurnal range are small. Both land cover change and CO2 change also impact the frequency distribution of precipitation with increasing CO2 tending to lead to more intense precipitation and land cover change leading to less intense precipitation-indeed, the impact of land cover change typically had the opposite effect versus the impacts of CO2. Our results provide support for the inclusion of future land cover change scenarios in long-term transitory climate inodelling experiments of the 21st Century. Our results also support the inclusion of land surface models that can represent future land cover changes resulting from an ecological response to natural climate variability or increasing CO2. Overall, we show that land cover change can have a significant impact on the regional scale climate of China, and that regionally, this impact is of a similar magnitude to increases in CO2 of up to about 430 ppmv. This means that that the impact of land cover change must be accounted for in detection and attribution studies over China.     

同位素指示的巴丹吉林沙漠南缘地下水补给来源

通过恢复巴丹吉林沙漠及其周边地区大气降水氚值，并结合区域稳定同位素组合特征，揭示了区域地下水氚年龄的多解性与地下水稳定同位素的温度效应。恢复的1963年核试验期氚高峰值达到2 100 TU，进入90年代平均为60 TU。1960年以来降水补给的地下水氚值都应大于15 TU，而1963年的高峰氚衰变至今应在200 TU左右。地下水实测氚值较低，表明由现代少量降水补给的地下水与大量的古水进行了混合。影响降水中δ18O和δ2H分布的主要影响因子是月平均空气温度，对δ18O与δ2H的影响权重分别占到59.9%和57.0%。巴丹吉林沙漠及其周边地区地下水较低的稳定同位素组成表明，其补给主要是晚更新世较冷环境下形成的，来源于东南部的雅布赖山区，部分浅层地下水接受现代降水与河流的补给。      

SPECIFIC DEGRADATION OF WATERSHEDS

An extensive database of reservoir sedimentation surveys throughout continental United States is compiled and analyzed to determine specific degradation SD relationships as function of mean annual rainfall R, drainage area A, and watershed slope S. The database contains 1463 field measurements and specific degradation relationships are defined as function of A, R and S. Weak trends and significant variability in the data are noticeable. Specific degradation measurements are log normally distributed with respect to R, A, and S and 95% confidence intervals are determined accordingly. The accuracy of the predictions does not significantly increase as more independent variables are added to the regression analyses.