ENSO事件次表层海温的两个模态及其对大气环流的影响

利用SODA海洋同化资料和NCEP再分析大气资料,分析了热带太平洋次表层海温异常(subsurfaceoceantemperatureanomaly,SOTA)与厄尔尼诺与南方涛动(ElNi?o-SouthernOscillation,ENSO)循环的联系,及SOTA对大气环流的影响。回顾传统ENSO研究,指出存在的问题,提出了ENSO影响大气研究的新思路,得到以下结果:(1)以SOTA为基本资料的研究发现, ENSO事件有两个模态,主要出现在冬季的第一模态对冬季及夏季亚洲-北太平洋-北美地区上空中高纬大气环流有重要影响,主要出现在夏季的第二模态对该地区上空夏季热带和副热带大气系统有重要作用。(2)ENSO事件通过与ENSO相联系的热带太平洋海面温度异常(ENSO-relatedseasurface temperatureanomaly,RSSTA)对大气的异常热通量输送,强迫Walker环流和Hadley环流变化,导致热带和北太平洋及周边地区上空大气环流异常,进而影响相关地区冬季和夏季的气候。(3)海表面温度异常(seasurfacetemperatureanomaly,SSTA)包含RSSTA和大气异常导致的海温变化(sea temperature anomaly caused by atmospheric anomaly, STA)两部分, RSSTA是ENSO事件过程中海洋内部热动力结构调整导致的海面温度变化,在海洋对大气的热输送过程中,它随ENSO事件演变不断更新;STA是大气受RSSTA海洋异常加热后导致的大气环流异常对海面温度的影响,在海洋浅表层STA对RSSTA有重大影响。本文最后讨论了ENSO事件期间热带海洋对大气热输送过程,指出ENSO事件通过海洋内部热动力结构调整产生RSSTA,它直接对大气异常加热,导致大气环流和气候异常,局地海气之间负反馈过程产生STA,反过来抑制RSSTA。结果还指出,人们常用的SSTA变率实际上主要由秋冬季节RSSTA主导,丢失了春夏季ENSO信息,用SSTA研究ENSO事件存在局限性,这也可能是ENSO事件春季预报障碍的原因之一。     

SEASONAL AND INTER-ANNUAL VARIABILITY OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA WARM POOL AND ITS RELATION TO THE SOUTH CHINA SEA MONSOON ONSET

The South China Sea warm pool interacts vigorously with the summer monsoon which is active in the region. However, there has not been a definition concerning the former warm pool which is as specific as that for the latter. The seasonal and inter-annual variability of the South China Sea warm pool and its relations to the South China Sea monsoon onset were analyzed using Levitus and NCEP/NCAR OISST data. The results show that, the seasonal variability of the South China Sea warm pool is obvious, which is weak in winter, develops rapidly in spring, becomes strong and extensive in summer and early autumn, and quickly decays from mid-autumn. The South China Sea warm pool is 55 m in thickness in the strongest period and its axis is oriented from southwest to northeast with the main section locating along the western offshore steep slope of northern Kalimantan-Palawan Island. For the warm pools in the South China Sea, west Pacific and Indian Ocean, the oscillation, which is within the same large scale air-sea coupling system, is periodic around 5 years. There are additional oscillations of about 2.5 years and simultaneous inter-annual variations for the latter two warm pools. The intensity of the South China Sea warm pool varies by a lag of about 5 months as compared to the west Pacific one. The result also indicates that the inter-annual variation of the intensity index is closely related with the onset time of the South China Sea monsoon. When the former is persistently warmer (colder) in preceding winter and spring, the monsoon in the South China Sea usually sets in on a later (earlier) date in early summer. The relation is associated with the activity of the high pressure over the sea in early summer. An oceanic background is given for the prediction of the South China Sea summer monsoon, though the mechanism through which the warm pool and eventually the monsoon are affected remains unclear.     

南海-热带东印度洋海温异常对南海夏季风影响的数值试验

利用NCEP／NCAR数据集中1979-1996年3—7月500hPa位势高度场资料，经过候平均整理后，自己定义副高强度、西脊点和脊线，然后对它们进行各种距平处理、小波变换和EOF分析，发现3—7月内副高季节内变化主要表现为三次突变过程，在时间上分别对应着南海季风爆发、江南梅雨发生和梅雨结束，同时，在这段时间内副高活动的年际变化主要有4年左右和8年左右的周期。     

专题图形库信息定量研究方法

本文以作者建立和科尔沁典型沙区专题图形库为例，对利用库信息进行沙漠化定量研究的图形方法进行了系列探讨，设计了可用于沙漠化定量研究的专题分析软件，并对该区的沙漠化现状进行了示例性研究。     

DECADAL VARIABILITY OF SUBSURFACE OCEAN TEMPERATURE ANOMALY IN TROPICAL PACIFIC AND ITS IMPACT ON CLIMATE OF CHINA

In this study,we investigate the decadal variability of subsurface ocean temperature anomaly(SOTA)in the tropical Pacific and associated anomalous atmospheric circulation over Asia-North Pacific-North America by analyzing 50 years of atmosphere-ocean data from the National Center for Environmental Prediction(NCEP)reanalysis project and Simple Ocean Data Assimilation(SODA).Relationship between the ENSO-Like variability and climate of China is also revealed.The results show that the decadal variability of tropical Pacific SOTA has two dominant ENSO-like modes:the primary mode is an ENSO-Like mature phase pattern,and the second mode is associated with the ENSO-like transition(developing or decaying)phase.These two modes consist of a cycle of ENSO-Like variability,which exhibits a quasi-40a fluctuation,superimposed with an oscillation of a 13a period.The ENSO-Like variability in the tropical Pacific influences the atmosphere system at the mid-and higher-latitudes and subtropical regions,resulting in decadal variability of south wind over North China,the East Asian monsoon and climate of China.During the mature phase of El Ni o-Like variability,the anomalous north wind prevails over the north part of China and the East Asian monsoon weakens,with little rain in North China but much rain in the middle-and lower-reaches of the Yangtze River.With El Ni o-Like decaying(La Ni a-Like developing),anomalous northerly wind also prevails over North China,then the East Asian monsoon weakens with drought occurring in North China.The situation during the La Ni a-Like variability is the opposite.The pattern of anomalous climate of China is primarily dominated by the first ENSO-like variability,while the second mode can modulate the contribution of the first one,depending on whether its phase agrees with that of the first mode.The climate shift in China around 1978 and successive occurrence of drought for more than 20 years in North China are primarily induced by the first two ENSO-like variabilities.The latest La Ni a-Like phase starts from 1998 and will presumably end around 2018.It is expected that more rainfall would be in North China and less rainfall would appear in the middle-and lower-reaches of the Yangtze River valley during this period.     

船上气温、湿度和风速观测的代表性

当前我国有许多海洋气象调查船、商船和遥测气象浮标站的甲板上安装有气温、湿度和风速测量仪器,其中不少仪器本身测量精度是符合要求的,可是在船上使用能否获取符合要求的气象资料,其代表性如何,即是否能准确代表和反映观测船所在地点一定海域的海面上气温、湿度和风速的实际自然状况,这是应当进行探讨的。因为船上获取的气象资料的代表性如何,关系到海上天气分析和海洋气象科学研究能否正常开展,     

黑潮区域表层水温变异特征及其对大气环流响应的初步分析

海洋和大气是一个不断相互作用的复杂的耦合系统,其相互作用的结果对长期天气过程的演变以及海洋环境的变化都有着重大的影响。从六十年代开始,这一研究课题就引起了海洋学家和气象学家的广泛重视。如Bjerknes指出，赤道海温及其相应的环流有准两年周期,表明了海表温度与中低纬度环流之间的关系; Namias指出,海表温度与海平面气压场的关系密切,可以用预报的海平面平均气压场的分布来预报下个月的海表温度。目前在数值模拟试验中,也将海气相互作用加以参数化考虑进去,提高了预报精度。本文拟以平均资料,准定量地分析黑潮地区表层水温的变异特性及其物理过程,并在此基础上探讨它与大气环流的关系。 文中的海表温度资料,1951-1962年取自美国的北太平洋海面温度资料,1963-1972年取自日本的北太平洋气候表,1973年以后采用我国海洋局水文气象总台整理的资料,北半球500毫巴高度采用上海气象台整理的资料,热量平衡各分量的计算值取自西北太平洋海面热量平衡图集。     

渤海、黄海、东海海面热量平衡的平均状况——Ⅰ.资料处理和计算方法

渤、黄、东海海面热量平衡状况对该海域海洋水文和中国气候有着重要的影响。我们对该海域热量平衡各分量的年平均和年变化进行了计算,并分别就资料处理和计算方法、年平均状况、年变化特征等几个方面进行了分析。本文作为该项研究的第一部分,讨论了所用的资料和计算公式,提出了在稳定温度层结条件下的交换系数的校正方法。     

一次寒潮强风过程渤海海上二维风速、风向谱分析

本文使用渤海石油平台观测的超声波风速脉动资料,计算了强风条件下二维风速和风向的最大熵谱和傅立叶功率谱。结果表明,在不稳定条件下,海上大气湍流能量主要集中在风扰动的低频段,随着风速的加大,高频扰动的贡献逐渐增加;纵向风速具99s的主振荡周期,侧向风速和风向具同一谱型,它们的主振荡周期为132s。结果还指出了不同特性的气团具不同的大气湍流特征。     

THE CLIMATIC JUMP OF THE WESTERN PACIFIC WARM POOL AND ITS CLIMATIC EFFECTS

1INTRODUCTIONTropicalwesternPacificOceanisanareathathasthehighestoceantemperatureacrosstheglobe.Asmostofthewarmwaterconcentratesintheregion,itisknownasthe搘esternPacificwarmpool?Asshowninsomestudies[1-5],thegeneralcirculationandshort-termclimaticchangeswillbeseriouslyaffectedifthermodynamicconditionchangesinthewaters,whichthenhaveanimportantroletoplayintheonsetofanyENSOepisodes.Therehasnotbeenanyunifieddefinitionoftheindexforthewarmpool.FollowingthecriterionofWyrtki[4],however,theareae…