新疆克拉玛依市生态敏感性研究(英文)

Karamay City is a typical mining city, relying on oilfield exploration and development. After 60 years of construction and development, Karamay has become the first large oilfield and an important base of the national petroleum and petrochemical industry in China. Based on spatial analysis, and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) grid computing and overlay techniques, whilst considering the effect of oilfield development and aimed at the ecological problems of Karamay City in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China, we conducted research on the spatial characteristics of the comprehensive ecological sensitivity of Karamay. The ecological problems of natural environment evolution include soil erosion, land deserti-fication, soil salinization, and biodiversity reduction. The most significant disturbance factor from the activities of humans in this area is oilfield exploitation. This study carries out an analysis of single factor ecological problem sensitivity and integrated ecological sensitivity. The results of the research are as follows: (1) Soil erosion is relatively sensitive, especially in Karamay district, Dushanzi district, north of Urho district and west of Baijiantan district, which is mainly a result of the vertical dropping slopes, serious rainfall erosion and the distribution of scattered woodland. (2) The main types of land desertification are represented by high and moderate grade sensitivities, and high and extremely high sensitive areas are distributed in the intersection of Karamay and Baijiantan districts. This is due to evaporation exceeding rainfall in these areas, and the soil mainly consists of sand and is seldom covered by vegetation. (3) The soil salinizatiion sensitivity grades are mainly moderate, high and extremely high. The highly sensitive areas are mainly distributed in southeast of Baijiantan district, north and east of Karamay district and east of Urho district. The primary causes are evaporation exceeding rainfall and extreme human activities. (4) The main types of biodiversity sensitivity are light and moderate grade. Highly sensitive areas are located in the east and south of Karamay district, north of the Baiyang River basin and parts of the wetland areas. (5) Oil fields development areas are highly ecologically sensitive, which are located in the northern oilfields of Urho district, western oilfields of Baijiantan district, northwestern oilfields of Karamay district and central oilfields of Dushanzi district. (6) The main types of integrated ecological sen-sitivity are high and moderate. The high and extremely highly sensitive areas are located in the central and northern parts of Karamay district, and southwest of Baijiantan district. The evaluation results will provide guidance for the future planning and development, the protection of the ecological environment and the realization of harmonious social, economic, and ecological development in Karamay City.     

基于WebGIS的新疆棉区棉铃虫发生期预测

随着新疆棉花种植比例的增加,棉铃虫危害也逐年增加,建立基于区域化预测成为棉铃虫害虫信息化管理重要基础。利用新疆石河子地区的气象数据和棉铃虫(cotton bollwor m,CBW)数据,确立了棉铃虫物候学预测参数;根据新疆20多个气象站1980-2000年气象数据,将有效积温与GIS技术融合,实现了基于Web GIS的棉铃虫发生日期的预测。结果表明:新疆南部地区大于10℃积温为2 000~2 400日度,北部地区的棉区有效积温为1 800~1 900日度;田间一代棉铃虫所需要大于10℃的有效积温为610.13日度;南部地区棉铃虫为完整的3~4代,北部地区棉铃虫为完整的3代。以2001年4月25日全疆气象为例,Web GIS可以实时地表达当天的温度数据、日度累积值和棉铃虫发育到特定阶段所需要的日度值。建立基于Web GIS系统,实现了棉铃虫信息的快速发布,有利于棉铃虫区域性科学管理和决策。     

渭干河平原绿洲适宜规模

荒漠和绿洲长期共存,绿洲系统的生存发展需要有较好的绿洲植被生态系统支撑.干旱区平原绿洲,应以水为中心确定绿洲规模,防止水资源不足情况下土地过度开发造成的荒漠化和沙漠化.良性循环的稳定绿洲必须具有合理的农林牧用地结构.开展绿洲适宜规模与发展空间研究,将为绿洲的有效建设提供理论和应用依据.本文通过水热、水土平衡分析,建立了适宜绿洲数学模型.根据渭干河平原绿洲多年的水文气象资料,依据水量平衡原理,计算了该绿洲可供蒸发蒸腾的水资源量、适宜的绿洲和耕地面积.结果表明,渭干河平原绿洲可供蒸发蒸腾的水资源量为22.32×108 m3,在常规地面灌溉条件下适宜的绿洲面积为3716.06 km2,其中适宜的耕地面积为1564.79 km2;在节水灌溉条件下,适宜的绿洲面积5515.49 km2,其中适宜的耕地面积为2322.31 km2.世界银行贷款项目--渭干河流域农业灌溉排水工程结束后达到的绿洲面积为4123km2,农田耕地面积为1507 km2,绿洲和耕地面积比较适宜,如果采取节水灌溉措施可适度扩大绿洲规模.     

自然生境下盐角草的生物学特征及其影响因子

盐角草(Salicornia europaea L.)是一种典型的盐沼湿生植物,在盐渍重的地方常纯群分布,据报道是最耐盐的高等陆生植物之一。通过观测新疆境内3个区域5个典型种群的盐角草有关生物学参数及土壤水、盐等环境因子,发现:(1)随着土壤水分的减少,盖度减小,伴生种增多;随着盐分的加重,盖度减小,伴生种减少,成为单优势种;(2)不同生境下盐角草种群的密度变异很大,从190株/m2~6578株/m2不等。密度与株高、生物量、冠根比、分枝数及土壤水、盐等呈负相关,而与土壤容重显著正相关;(3)生物量与土壤含水量呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与土壤水溶性盐离子Na 、Cl-有较高的正相关,这两方面都是促进盐角草生长的主要土壤因素;(4)分枝数与土壤含水量及土壤水溶性Cl-含量显著正相关(p<0.05),说明高的土壤水、盐含量促进分枝;(5)盐角草植株的冠根比范围为13.75~85.39,大于一般农作物,是盐角草适应盐沼环境的显著特征之一。     

渭干河灌区陆面蒸发量估算

根据渭干河灌区实测资料,采用水量平衡法、水热平衡法、Ｔｕｒｋ经验公式和折算系数法对监测区的陆面蒸发量进行了估算,分析了各估算方法的精度。结果表明：在内陆干旱绿洲灌区内,陆面蒸发量高出降水量几十倍,陆面蒸发是其水资源的主要消耗;水量平衡法、水热平衡法和折算系数法适用于干旱区陆面蒸发量的估算。     

渭干河平原绿洲适宜规模

荒漠和绿洲长期共存,绿洲系统的生存发展需要有较好的绿洲植被生态系统支撑.干旱区平原绿洲,应以水为中心确定绿洲规模,防止水资源不足情况下土地过度开发造成的荒漠化和沙漠化.良性循环的稳定绿洲必须具有合理的农林牧用地结构.开展绿洲适宜规模与发展空间研究,将为绿洲的有效建设提供理论和应用依据.本文通过水热、水土平衡分析,建立了适宜绿洲数学模型.根据渭干河平原绿洲多年的水文气象资料,依据水量平衡原理,计算了该绿洲可供蒸发蒸腾的水资源量、适宜的绿洲和耕地面积.结果表明,渭干河平原绿洲可供蒸发蒸腾的水资源量为22.32×108 m3,在常规地面灌溉条件下适宜的绿洲面积为3716.06 km2,其中适宜的耕地面积为1564.79 km2;在节水灌溉条件下,适宜的绿洲面积5515.49 km2,其中适宜的耕地面积为2322.31 km2.世界银行贷款项目--渭干河流域农业灌溉排水工程结束后达到的绿洲面积为4123km2,农田耕地面积为1507 km2,绿洲和耕地面积比较适宜,如果采取节水灌溉措施可适度扩大绿洲规模.     

古尔班通古特沙漠地区短命植物土壤种子库研究

采用野外定点取样和室内萌发相结合的试验方法,研究了短命植物在沙丘不同部位的空间分布、萌发状况、密度、物种多样性及土壤种子库生物多样性与地上植物多样性的关系。结果表明:短命植物种子主要集中分布于地表0~5 cm土壤中,5 cm以下土壤中极少存在有活力的种子;沙丘间及沙丘不同部位的种子库密度大小不同,密度自坡底随高度增加逐渐减少,坡底、坡中部及坡顶部密度分别为124粒/m2、91粒/m2、66粒/m2。迎风坡种子库密度比背风坡面少,迎风坡种子库平均密度为81粒/m2,而背风坡种子库平均密度为100粒/m2;短命植物种子在4月上旬达到萌发高峰,沙丘不同部位物种多样性存在差异,土壤种子库和地上植被存在较高的相似性,此外短命植物在沙丘不同部位的分布存在较高的空间异质性。     

基于Web of Science的盐生植物研究文献计量评价

通过对1900-2011年SCI收录的盐生植物（halophytes）研究文献分析,从年度文献数量变化、国家/地区分布、期刊分布、主要研究机构、发表文献作者、基金资助机构、刊载文献类型和学科类别及高被引论文分析9个方面,对盐生植物研究文献的分布规律和研究现状进行了统计分析。结果表明：在SCI上收录盐生植物研究论文的国家排名依次是美国（19.46%）、中国（11.51%）、印度（7.69）;在文献量的机构排名方面,排列前三名的分别是中国科学院、西班牙高级科学研究理事会和巴基斯坦费萨拉巴德农业大学;中国的主要合作国家中包括了美国、日本、德国、澳大利亚、巴基斯坦、以色列和印度等20个国家和地区,建议还需要进一步加强与周边中亚地区（哈萨克斯坦、蒙古等）的合作与研究。     

不同入渗水头条件下壤砂土的一维垂直入渗特性

通过室内垂直入渗试验,分析了入渗水头对新疆喀什市塔什库尔干县壤砂土一维垂直水分入渗特性的影响。结果表明:累计入渗量与时间的关系符合Kostiakov-Lewis模型和Philip模型,其模型参数A值和吸渗率S随入渗水头的增大而增大,呈良好的线性关系,入渗系数与入渗指数随入渗水头增加呈相反的变化趋势;湿润锋推进距离与时间呈幂函数关系,参数m值随着入渗水头增加而增大,参数n在数值上等于第10个单位时间末和第1个单位时间末湿润锋推进距离比值的常用对数;累计入渗量与湿润锋呈线性关系,其斜率等于湿润区平均含水率与初始含水率之差,且随入渗水头的增大而增大。