A HORIZONTAL 2-D HYDRAULIC NUMERICAL MODEL AND IT’S APPLICATIONS TO FLOOD FORECAST

1 INTRODUCTION There were many flood disasters in China in recent years. When the water level in a river is very high, weak parts of its dike may be destroyed resulted in the submersion of the protected land and properties. It is of significance for decision-makers to exactly predict the processes of flood propagation during flood control. There are many modes of dike bursting, such as seepage destroying by overflow on top of dike caused by dike body sinking induced by piping and soil fl…     

THE SEDIMENTATION AND DREDGING OF GUANTING RESERVOIR

1 INTRODUCTION Guanting Reservoir is located on the Yongding River (a large tributary of the Haihe River) and at the border of Beijing Municipality and Hebei Province. The reservoir receives three tributaries: the Sanggan River with a drainage area of 25,840 km2, the Yanghe River with 16,170 km2, and the Guishui River with 852 km2. The drainage area above the reservoir is 43,402 km2. The reservoir has two arms. The Sanggan River and Yanghe River join the Yongding River at the ups…     

Impacts of Future NOx and CO Emissions on Regional Chemistry and Climate over Eastern China

A coupled chemical/dynamical model (SOCOL-SOlar Climate Ozone Links) is applied to study the impacts of future enhanced CO and NOx emissions over eastern China on regional chemistry and climate. The result shows that the increase of CO and NOx emissions has significant effects on regional chemistry, including NOx, CO, O₃, and OH concentrations. During winter, the CO concentration is uniformly increased in the northern hemisphere by about 10 ppbv. During summer, the increase of CO has a regional distribution. The change in O₃, concentrations near eastern China has both strong seasonal and spatial variations. During winter, the surface O₃, concentrations decrease by about 2 ppbv, while during summer they increase by about 2 ppbv in eastern China. The changes of CO, NOx, and O₃, induce important impacts on OH concentrations. The changes in chemistry, especially O₃, induce important effects on regional climate. The analysis suggests that during winter, the surface temperature decreases and air pressure increases in central-eastern China. The changes of temperature and pressure produce decreases in vertical velocity. We should mention that the model resolution is coarse, and the calculated concentrations are generally underestimated when they are compared to measured results. However, because this model is a coupled dynamical/chemical model, it can provide some useful insights regarding the climate impacts due to changes in air pollutant emissions.     

The Prediction of Non-stationary Climate Series Based on Empirical Mode Decomposition

This paper proposes a new approach which we refer to as ``segregated prediction" to predict climate time series which are nonstationary. This approach is based on the empirical mode decomposition method (EMD), which can decompose a time signal into a finite and usually small number of basic oscillatory components. To test the capabilities of this approach, some prediction experiments are carried out for several climate time series. The experimental results show that this approach can decompose the nonstationarity of the climate time series and segregate nonlinear interactions between the different mode components, which thereby is able to improve prediction accuracy of these original climate time series.     

Sulfur Isotope Geochemistry of the Xincheng Gold Deposit, Jiaodong: Constraints on the Material Source and Ore-forming Environment

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Determining Pressure with Daughter Minerals in Fluid Inclusion by Raman Spectroscopy: Sphalerite as an Example

Abstract: Raman frequency of some materials, including minerals, molecules and ions, shifts systematically with changing pressure and temperature. This property is often used as a pressure gauge in high pressure experiments with the hydrothermal diamond anvil cell (HDAC). Since the system of fluid inclusion is similar to that of HDAC, it can also be used to determine the internal pressure of fluid inclusions. Sphalerite is a common daughter mineral. In this study, the frequency shift of the 350 cm?1 peak of sphalerite has been studied from 296 to 523 K and from 0.07 to 2.00 GPa using the HDAC. The global slope of the isotherms (?n350/?p)T is 0.0048 in the studied pressure range. No significant variation of the slopes with temperature has been observed. The correlation between the frequency shift of the 350 cm?1 peak of sphalerite and pressure and temperature is constrained as P=208.33(?np)350+3.13T?943.75. This relationship may be used to estimate the internal pressure of the sphalerite-bearing fluid inclusions.     

降水过程中氢氧稳定同位素理论关系研究

大气降水过程中氢氧稳定同位素比值呈现一定的规律,分析了瑞利分馏中分馏系数的影响因子,基于瑞利分馏原理和质量守恒定律,分别推导了开放系统和封闭系统降水过程中的稳定同位素微分方程模型,研究了大气降水过程中氢、氧稳定同位素变化规律,导出了云团水汽和降水氢、氧之间的相互关系,结果表明这一关系并非简单的线性关系。     

同位素水文学与水资源、水环境

同位素水文学 (ｉｓｏｔｏｐｅｈｙｄｒｏｌｏｇｙ)是 2 0世纪 5 0年代发展起来的一门新兴学科 ,它主要利用同位素技术解决水文学中一些关键问题 .众所周知 ,同位素是指原子核内质子数相同中子数不同的那些原子 ,可分为稳定同位素和放射性同位素 2种 .前者指目前尚未发现存在放射性衰变的同位素 ,而后者则指具有放射性衰变的同位素 .存在于自然界的上述 2种同位素称为天然同位素或环境同位素 ,目前在水文学中常用的环境同位素有2 Ｈ、3 Ｈ、3 Ｈｅ、4Ｈｅ、13 Ｃ、14Ｃ、18Ｏ、3 4 Ｓ、3 6Ｃｌ等 .不同类型的水 (海水、湖水、河水、地下水 ,…     

A Floating Astronomical Time Scale for the Early Late Cretaceous Continental Strata in the Songliao Basin,Northeastern China

A continuous terrestrial succession was recovered from the Songke-2(SK-2) borehole in the Songliao Basin, Northeastern China. This borehole provides a unique material for further research on the continental paleoclimate during Cretaceous greenhouse period, following a series of achievements of the Songke-1(SK-1) core. In this study, thorium(Th) logging data were chosen as a paleoclimate proxy to conduct a detailed cyclostratigraphic analysis. The Th series varies quasi-periodically; power spectr...     

Microstructure Evolution of Organic Matter and Clay Minerals in Shales with Increasing Thermal Maturity

As the two important components of shale, organic matter(OM) and clay minerals are usually thought to strongly influence the hydrocarbon generation, enrichment and exploitation. The evolution process of OM and clay minerals as well as their interrelationship over a wide range of thermal maturities are not completely clear. Taking Yanchang(T_3y), Longmaxi(S_1l) and Niutitang(?_1n) shales as examples, we have studied the microstructure characteristics of OM and clay minerals in shales with different thermal maturities. The effects of clay minerals and OM on pores were reinforced through sedimentation experiments. Using a combination of field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM) and low-pressure N_2 adsorption, we investigated the microstructure differences among the three shales. The results showed that both OM and clay minerals have strong effects on pores, and small mesopore(2–20 nm) is the dominant pore component for all three samples. However, the differences between the three samples are embodied in the distribution of pore size and the location. For the T_3y shale, clay minerals are loosely arranged and develop large amounts of pores, and fine OM grains often fill in intergranular minerals or fractures. Widespread OM pores distribute irregularly in S_1l shale, and most of the pores are elliptical and nondirectional. The ?_1n shale is characterized by the preferred orientational OM-clay aggregates, and lots of pores in the composites are in the mesopore range, suggesting that over maturity lead to the collapse and compaction of pores under huge pressure of strata. The results of the current research imply that with increasing thermal maturity, OM pores are absent at low maturity(T_3y), are maximized at high maturity(S_1l) and are destroyed or compacted at over-mature stage(?_1n). Meanwhile, clay minerals have gone through mineral transformation and orientational evolution. The interaction of the two processes makes a significant difference to the microstructure evolution of OM and clay minerals in shale, and the findings provide scientific foundation in better understanding diagenetic evolution and hydrocarbon generation of shale.