On the Chaotic Behavior and Predictability of the Real Atmosphere

In this paper the concept of Chaos and its applications to the study of predictability theory is introduced. The author's attempt is to give a general overview of ideas and methods involved in this problem to scientists,who are interested in the problem of predictability but not familiar with the theory of chaos. The problem is discussed in 4 sections. In the first section, the concept of chaos and the study methods are outlined briefly; in the second section, the methods of quantitatively measuring the main characteristics of chaos which are the basis for the predictability theory are introduced; the third section discusses the time series analysis for directly studying chaotic phenomena in practical problems; and the last section presents some research results on the chaotic characteristics and the predictability of the real atmosphere.     

地震过程动力学行为和可预报性问题研究

本文提出了地震事件时序概念,找到了通过对实际地震观测资料的分析来有效地研究地震系统动力学行为和可预报性问题的方法.从实例分析观测资料的结果发现,被分析的这些地震系统混沌吸引子关联维数d2为3.2—7.5,二阶Renyi熵K2为0.019—0.052.这表明这些地震过程存在着已知变量数目范围的确定性规律,是可以预报的,但可预报时间有限.由K2可以估算在一定预报精度要求下,对未来地震的可预报时间长度（本文震例中最长为一个月左右）.这套分析方法对认识地震过程动力学行为及可预报性问题都有重要意义.     

Monthly Extended Predicting Experiments with Nonlinear Regional Prediction.PartⅡ:Improvement of Wave Component Prediction

Based on Chen et al. (2006), the scheme of the combination of the pentad-mean zonal height departure nonlinear prediction with the T42L9 model prediction was designed, in which the pentad zonal heights at all the 12-initial-value-input isobar levels from 50 hPa to 1000 hPa except 200, 300, 500, and 700 hPa were derived from nonlinear forecasts of the four levels by means of a good correlation between neighboring levels. Then the above pentad zonal heights at 12 isobar-levels were transformed to the spectrum coefficients of the temperature at each integration step of T42L9 model. At last, the nudging was made. On account of a variety of error accumulation, the pentad zonal components of the monthly height at isobar levels output by T42L9 model were replaced by the corresponding nonlinear results once more when integration was over. Multiple case experiments showed that such combination of two kinds of prediction made an improvement in the wave component as a result of wave-flow nonlinear interaction while reducing the systematical forecast errors. Namely the monthly-mean height anomaly correlation coefficients over the high- and mid-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, over the Southern Hemisphere and over the globe increased respectively from 0.249 to 0.347, from 0.286 to 0.387, and from 0.343 to 0.414 (relative changes of 31.5%, 41.0%, and 18.3%). The monthly-mean root-mean-square error (RMSE) of T42L9 model over the three areas was considerably decreased, the relative change over the globe reached 44.2%. The monthly-mean anomaly correlation coefficients of wave 4-9 over the areas were up to 0.392, 0.200, and 0.295, with the relative change of 53.8%, 94.1%, and 61.2%, and correspondingly their RMSEs were decreased respectively with the rate of 8.5%, 6.3%, and 8.1%. At the same time the monthly-mean pattern of parts of cases were presented better.     

Monthly Extended Predicting Experiments with Nonlinear Regional Prediction.PartⅠ:Prediction of Zonal Mean Flow

Systematic errors have recently been founded to be distinct in the zonal mean component forecasts, which account for a large portion of the total monthly-mean forecast errors. To overcome the difficulty of numerical model, the monthly pentad-riean nonlinear dynamic regional prediction models of the zonal mean geopotential height at 200, 300, 500, and 700 hPa based on a large number of historical data (NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data) were constituted by employing the local approximation of the phase space reconstruction theory and nonlinear spatio-temporal series prediction method. The 12-month forecast experiments of 1996 indicated that the results of the nonlinear model are better than those of the persistent, climatic prediction, and T42L9 model either over the high- and mid-latitude areas of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres or the tropical area. The root-mean-square of the monthly-mean height of T42L9 model was considerably decreased with a change of 30.4%, 26.6%, 82.6%, and 39.4%, respectively, over the high- and mid-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, over the high- and mid-latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere, over the tropics and over the globe, and also the corresponding anomaly correlation coefficients over the four areas were respectively increased by 0.306-0.312, 0.304-0.429, 0.739-0.746, and 0.360-0.400 (averagely a relative change of 11.0% over the globe) by nonlinear correction after integration, implying that the forecasts given by nonlinear model include more useful information than those of T42L9 model.     

飑线型降雹回波系统的初步分析

本文对北京地区常见的两类颮线型降雹回波系统进行了初步分析,发现在我们所分析的一些较强的降雹过程中,它们占了大约60％。文章对这两类回波系统的尺度、结构、移动和传播,以及降雹方式等特征作了讨论,这些结果对认识降雹回波系统的活动规律,以及利用雷达进行降雹天气的超短期预告是有帮助的。     

人类活动对大气臭氧层的影响

近些年来,南极地区、北极上空和其他中纬度地区都出现了不同程度的臭氧层耗损现象,人类活动引起的大气臭氧损耗日益得到大家的关注。从飞机排放氮氧化物对大气臭氧的影响,以及臭氧对人类排放的氮氧化物和氯化物潜在的非线性响应等方面简述人类活动对大气臭氧层的影响。     

场时间序列预测方法及其预测能力的试验分析

给出场时间序列预测思想的提出及其理论基础,并在此基础上,给出场时间序列预测理论的思路及方法,并针对一个理想混沌时间序列进行预测能力的试验分析.初步结果表明,场时间序列预测方法可以提高单点时间序列的"遍历性",提高预测精度.     

THE STATISTICAL STRUCTURE OF LORENZ STRANGE ATTRACTORS

The statistical characteristic quantities and marginal probability distribution of the Lorenz strange at-tractors were computed numerically. The results indicate that after a sufficiently long time the statistical characteristic quantities and marginal probability distribution tend to stable states, and the motion on the strange attractor is ergodic.     

Interdecadal Variations of Phase Delays Between Two Nino Indices at Different Time Scales

Phase delays between two Nino indices-sea surface temperatures in Nino regions 1 2 and 3.4 (1950-2001)-at different time scales are detected by wavelet analysis. Analysis results show that there are two types of period bifurcations in the Nifio indices and that period bifurcation points exist only in the region where the wavelet power is small. Interdecadal variation features of phase delays between the two indices vary with different time scales. In the periods of 40-72 months, the phase delay changes its sign in 1977: Nino 1 2 indices are 2-4 months earlier than Nino 3.4 indices before 1977, but 3-6 months later afterwards. In the periods of 20-40 months, however, the phase delay changes its sign in another way:Nino 1 2 indices are 1-4 months earlier before 1980 and during 1986-90, but 1-4 months later during 1980-83 and 1993-2001.     

时空序列预测分析方法在华北旱涝预测中的应用

论述场时间序列(时空序列)分析问题的提出以及理论基础,并在此基础上,根据状态空间重构理论和嵌入定理,参考单变量时间序列状态空间动力学预报模式,给出场时间序列的动力学预报方法的基本思想和预报思路,并尝试应用于我国华北地区5年、10年和20年尺度旱涝的长期预测试验中.初步的预测结果表明,场时间序列方法对其有一定的预测能力;我国华北地区5年及20年的旱涝等级为正常,近10年的旱涝等级为正常略涝.