地貌过程研究回顾与展望

地貌学是现代地理科学的一个重要分支学科。本文对中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所建所以来在地貌研究领域的主要研究成果进行了综述,包括河流地貌、黄土高原与坡地地貌、青藏高原及南极地貌与第四纪、喀斯特与旅游地貌、地貌实验与模拟、地貌制图共六个方面,对地理资源所地貌研究团队目前的研究方向进行了介绍,并就提高地理资源所地貌研究在学科发展和服务国家建设中的作用提出了建议。     

近2000年来内蒙后套平原黄河河道演变

通过遥感影像、地貌沉积、历史文献与地图等相关资料分析集成研究,将后套平原分为西部冲积扇平原,东部是泛滥冲积平原,并详细探讨了近2000年来本区黄河河道的演变。公元前2世纪时,后套西部平原南 (上) 冲积扇停止发育, 北(下) 冲积扇河道发育,黄河主河道的位置与现代不同,它偏于泛滥平原北部的阴山山前东流;公元6世纪后套平原西部北 冲积扇上黄河河道向东移,在东部泛滥平原上黄河明显地分为南北两汊,而黄河主流仍位于河套平原北部山前;18世纪早期至末期,黄河主河道从河套平原的北部山前南移至平原南部;19世纪中叶‘北河’淤塞,现代黄河形成。     

崂山冰臼之质疑

作者在2010年7月问考察了被认为是“中国东部沿海低海拔古冰川地貌保留完好”的崂山地区.考察结果显示崂山的地貌是正常的花岗岩地貌,并不是古冰川遗留的地形,崂山的冰臼不过是花岗岩地区常见的风化坑.本文将崂山风化坑与国外相关研究对比,列举了崂山冰臼不是冰臼的证据,对山顶冰臼形成理论提出了疑问,同时也回答了对风化坑形成的质疑...     

中国数字地貌分层分类体系的结构和内容研究(英文)

This paper presents the structure and contents of a standardized layered classification system of digital geomorphology for China.This digital classification method combines landforms characteristics of morphology with genesis.A total of 15 categories of exogenic and endogenic forces are divided into two broad categories:morpho-genetic and morpho-structural landforms.Polygon patches are used to manage the morpho-genetic types,and solitary points,lines and polygons are used to manage the morpho-structural types.The classification method of digital morpho-genetic types can be divided into seven layers,i.e.basic morphology and altitude,genesis,sub-genesis,morphology,micro-morphology,slope and aspect,material and lithology.The method proposes combinations of matrix forms based on layered indicators.The attributes of every landform types are obtained from all or some of the seven layers.For the 15 forces categories,some classification indicators and calculation methods are presented for the basic morphology,the morphologic and sub-morphologic landforms of the morpho-genetic types.The solitary polygon,linear and point types of morpho-structural landforms are presented respectively.The layered classification method can meet the demands of scale-span geomorphologic mapping for the national primary scales from 1:500,000 to 1:1,000,000.The layers serve as classification indicators,and therefore can be added and reduced according to mapping demands,providing flexible expandability.     

中国地貌区划新论

地貌区划是研究自然环境空间分异的基础,在区域地貌研究中具有十分重要的地位.本文分析总结了国内外地貌区划的相关研究成果,系统探讨了地貌区划的具体步骤与方法、地貌区划的原则、各级地貌区划的依据和标准,提出地貌类型组合和地貌成因类型的基本异同是各级地貌区划的依据.本文以中国1:400 万地貌图等新资料为基础,应用GIS 方法,结合中国三大地貌阶梯及其内部地貌格局的特点,通过分析我国各地基本地貌类型组合的差异及其形成原因,将中国地貌区划分为东部低山平原大区、东南低中山地大区、中北中山高原大区、西北高中山盆地大区、西南亚高山地大区和青藏高原大区6 个地貌大区,并分别简要论述了各大区的地貌特征.各大区内部又据次级基本地貌类型和地貌成因类型及其组合差异进一步分区,全国共划分了38个地貌区.     

2011年全国地貌与第四纪学术研讨会在河南内乡召开

2011年全国地貌与第四纪学术研讨会于2011年8月22日-24日在河南内乡隆重召开。本次会议由中国地理学会地貌与第四纪专业委员会与河南内乡县政府、南阳师范学院共同组织。内乡地方政府为这次会议在人力和物力上给予大力支持,南阳师范学院也为会议的     

环境磁学反映的藏南沉错地区1300年来冷暖变化

塔里木西缘帕米尔-西昆仑山北麓和西南天山南麓前陆盆地中巨厚的晚新生代磨拉石建造在岩石地层上包括阿图什组、西域组、乌苏组和戈壁组.通过对这套磨拉石建造及其中生长地层和生长不整合的野外观测,结合磁性地层年代学,初步研究了西域砾岩(即西域组)和西域运动的起始年代以及西域运动可能的演化阶段,得到如下初步认识:1)研究区西域砾岩开始沉积于3.5～4 6 Ma B.P.之前,其底界具有穿时性,其年代从山体向前陆盆地一般逐渐变新;2)在上述前陆盆地分布着4～6排由晚新生代磨拉石建造组成的逆断层-褶皱带.各排褶皱带均发育有生长地层及生长不整合,生长地层的开始沉积指示了该排褶皱和相应生长不整合的开始形成.从最靠山体一排褶皱带生长地层开始沉积的年代,初步判定西域运动的起始年代在西昆仑山叶城附近约为3.6 Ma B.P.,在西南天山喀什附近显然早于2.4 Ma B P.此后该运动可能经历了4～6个活动阶段,每一阶段又由若干个相对活跃期和相对稳定期组成.它们可通过各排褶皱带内生长地层的产状、组成和年代测定来确定.本文还探讨了生长地层和生长不整合形成过程中构造变形与侵蚀-剥蚀和沉积作用间的相互关系.     

藏南沉错地区近1400年来的介形类与环境变化

通过分析藏南沉错CC1孔的介形类动物群所提供的古环境信息，探讨近1400年来的湖泊演化。CC1孔介形类共计7属15种。据其属种，数量及生态特征，可划分为7个组合，同时发现1400年来沉错环境变化可分为3个时期：（1）公元6世末－14世纪下半叶沉错主要为较深水湖，其中大约在708－780年和1199－1213年湖泊迅速扩大加深；（2）14世纪下半叶－19世纪末沉错主要为浅水湖，其中大约在1454－1525年，1645－1670年和1803－1891年3个时段湖泊强烈退缩，环境极不稳定，而大约在1731－1803年湖泊发生逆向转化，湖水增多，湖面抬升；（3）19世纪末至今沉错由较深水湖转变为浅水湖，20世纪60年代以前为较深水湖，其中大约在1929－1935年湖泊急剧加深，20世纪70年代以来湖泊退缩，湖水变浅。     

对西藏南部第四纪冰期划分的几点意见

希夏邦马峰和珠穆朗玛峰地区第四纪冰期和间冰期的建立,为青藏高原的第四纪研究打下了基础。近年来,随着工作的深入,又揭示出一些新问题。亚汝雄拉南     

Environmental changes reflected by the lake sediments of the South Hongshan Lake, Northwest Tibet

The 1.07-m long lake core with 1 cm interval cutting, which was obtained by drilling in the South Hongshan Lake of Northwest Tibet, was dated by the 210Pb and 137Cs methods, and a 150-year consecutive lake sedimentary sequence (1840─1997) with 1.4 year resolution was obtained. Some environmental proxies, such as the total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), ratio of TOC to TN (TOC/TN), trace chemistry elements (TCE), CaCO3, grain size, richness of ostracoda etc. showed that they are of well coincidence. These results implied that the environmental background varied from the cold-wet period in the late 19th century, to the warm-wet period from the end of the 19th century to the 1920s and to the warm-dry period since the 1920s. There were sub-variations since the 1920s: the cold-dry/warm-wet fluctuation from 1922 to 1960, the intensively warm-dry period since 1960 with a short cold-wet period in the mid-1970s to the end of the 1980s. The humid period from the mid-1970s to the end of the 1970s and the dry period beginning from the early 1980s were well documented by climatic data of the nearby weather station records while the grain size was well correlated to the annual precipitation. Compared with the records from Guliya ice core in the same area, the TOC proxy in the lake core indicating warm/cold conditions well corresponded to the ( 18O records representing temperature variations in the ice core. However, the proxies with dry/wet significance in the lake core were different from the variations of snow accumulation reflected by the ice core. It can be concluded that the chosen environmental proxies have clear environmental significance and the lake sediments can reflect climatic and environmental changes at high-resolution.