A study of influencing systems and moisture budget in a heavy rainfall in low latitude plateau in China during early summer

Analysis of a heavy rainfall in a lower latitude plateau and characteristics of water vapor transportation have been conducted by using conventional data and denser surface data. The results show： （1） the heavy rainfall was caused by a series of mesoscale systems under favorable large-scale conditions when the warm moister air and cold air interacted with each other. At the same time, the coupling between the upper- and lower-level jets was revealed. It is also found that there exists some different characteristics among the main influencing systems of heavy rainfalls in Yunnan, such as the Indian-Myanmar trough and the path of the cold air, compared with those in East and South China. （2） The interaction between mesoscale convergence lines near the ground may be a possible triggering mechanism for the occurrence of mesoscale systems, and the dynamical and thermal dynamical structure of the mesoscale systems was very obvious. The convergence lines may relate closely to the terrain of Yunnan, China. （3） The computation of the water vapor budget reveals that the primary source of water vapor supply for heavy rainfall was in the Bay of Bengal. In this case, the water vapor could be transported into Yunnan even though the amount of water vapor was less than that in the lower troposphere in East and South China. In addition, the analysis for three-dimensional air parcel trajectories better revealed and described the source location and the transportation of water vapor to Yunnan.     

An Intercomparison of Rules for Testing the Significance of Coupled Modes of Singular Value Decomposition Analysis

This paper clarifies the essence of the significance test of singular value decomposition analysis （SVD）, and investigates four rules for testing the significance of coupled modes of SVD, including parallel analysis, nonparametric bootstrap, random-phase test, and a new rule named modified parallel analysis. A numerical experiment is conducted to quantitatively compare the performance of the four rules in judging whether a coupled mode of SVD is significant as parameters such as the sample size, the number of grid points, and the signal-to-noise ratio vary.
The results show that the four rules perform better with lower ratio of the number of grid points to sample size. Modified parallel analysis and nonparametric bootstrap perform best to abandon the spurious coupled modes, but the latter is better than the former to retain the significant coupled modes when the sample size is not much larger than the number of grid points. Parallel analysis and random-phase test are robust to abandon the spurious coupled modes only when either （1） the observations at the grid points are spatially uncorrelated, or （2） the coupled signal is very strong for parallel analysis and is not weak for random-phase test. The reasons affecting the accuracy of the test rules are discussed.     

风场标准化季节变率的显著性及其表征季风的合理性

从理论上探讨风场标准化季节变率的显著性,揭示出它的临界值与季风区定义的内在联系,从而说明用它表征季风区的合理性．据此,利用１９５８～１９９７年ＮＥＣＰ／ＮＣＡＲ再分析资料,分析了风场的显著季节变率的空间结构,证实在垂直方向上大气环流季节变化显著的斜压性,发现热带地区东西半球显著季节变率的反对称分布特征,并指出季风与副热带高压、极夜急流、西风通道等重要系统有密切关系。     

New Developments on Existence and Uniqueness of Solutions to Some Models in Atmospheric Dynamics

This survey is concerned with the new developments on existence and uniqueness of solutions of some basic models in atmospheric dynamics, such as two-and three-dimensional quasi-geostrophic models and three-dimensional balanced model. The main aim of this paper is to introduce some results about the global and local (with respect to time) existence of solutions given by the authors in recent years, but others' important contributions and the literature on this subject are also quoted. We discuss briefly the relationships among the existence and uniqueness, physical instability and computational instability. In the appendixes, some key mathematical techniques in obtaining our results are presented, which are of vital importance to other problems in geophysical fluid dynamics as well.     

控制论与人工影响天气 III: 自然控制论在人工增雨作业中的应用框架

应用自然控制论的理论方法,提出人工增雨作业和效果检验的框架.它将事前和作业进行过程中的观测和预报、调控方案(滚动式的和有反馈回路的)、作业和效果检验紧密联系成一个整体系统,将调控方案提为最优化问题,并把不断的观测资料同化到滚动式预报模式和求优化之中.所提出的一种效果检验方法是比较客观和定量的.     

IAP第四代大气环流模式的耦合气候系统模式模拟性能评估

本文首先扼要介绍了基于中国科学院大气物理研究所(简称IAP)第四代大气环流模式的新气候系统模式-CAS-ESM-C(中国科学院地球系统模式气候系统模式分量)的发展和结构,之后主要对该模式在模拟大气、海洋、陆面和海冰的气候平均态、季节循环以及主要的年际变率等方面的能力做一个初步的评估.结果表明:模式没有明显的气候漂移,各...     

IAP AGCM中短波辐射方案的改进研究Ⅱ.短波辐射方案的改进

在Version 2的基础上,对短波辐射方案进行进一步的改进:引入了新增非灰体气体吸收效应、冰晶粒子形状效应和尺度效应以及云的不均匀性效应(称为Version 3).数值模拟试验结果表明:Version 3能更好地模拟出全球冬、夏季的降水场、海平面气压场及地表气温场的主要分布特征,并且能相当准确地反映出这几个场的季节性变化特征.Version 3对这3个场的模拟能力明显优于原版本(Version 1).此外,它对东亚地区的季风降雨具有很好的模拟能力,能较好地反映东亚区域降水的季节性变化.可见,Version 3为进一步研究云-辐射相互作用提供了很好的模式基础.本工作还清楚地表明,模式的进一步发展必须进行对相关物理过程中各个因子的更精确刻画,只有这样,模式才能得到更好的模拟能力.     

控制论与人工影响天气 I: 人工增雨作业中的正反问题及最优调控

利用自然控制论的观点,重新审视了人工影响天气诸多方面的问题,提出了人工调控有限区域天气的正问题和反问题,并对最优调控问题,根据观测实例进行了分析讨论.结果表明,自然控制论是指导开展人工影响天气的一个好的理论框架,不仅要加强观测以了解自然降水过程,发展数值模式以更好的模拟实际降水过程,更需要开展反问题的研究;对最优调控的讨论表明,不能仅仅局限于有无催化可能,更应全面考虑降水云系的结构.     

2004年初夏一次云南暴雨过程的中尺度系统及其水汽特征分析研究

利用NCEP再分析资料、地面加密降水资料和风云-2卫星红外云图,对2004年云南初夏的一次强降水过程的大尺度环流背景、中尺度系统和水汽输送特征及来源情况进行了较为详尽的分析研究。结果表明:(1) 高低空环流的有利配置、印缅槽与东亚冷槽的相互作用,为此次云南地区暴雨的产生提供了有利条件;(2) 暴雨至少与四个连续生消的对流云团活动直接相关,强降水落区与云南的地形特征相关不大,只与低层辐合线有很好的一致性,而辐合线的发展演变与冷暖空气的势力对比相关;(3) 对降水区三维结构的分析表明,中尺度对流系统强烈发展区的低层为强辐合、正相对涡度,高层为辐散、负相对涡度;中低层有较强的上升运动,低层湿度较大、有不稳定能量的蓄积和释放;(4) 对云南水汽输送分析表明,直接影响此次云南强降水的水汽输送主要来源于孟加拉湾,并且引起此次云南强降水的水汽辐合是由风场辐合引起的,而水汽平流在这一地区为弱的干平流;同时,在较强的西南气流下,水汽辐合可存在于较高的气压层。      

全球二维大气化学模式和大气化学成分的数值模拟

建立了一个全球二维纬向平均化学模式,模式包括了从90°S到90°N,从地面到20 km高度的大气.模式中应用的流场来自根据加热率计算得到的剩余环流.模式化学部分包括34种大气成分、104个化学反应和光化学反应.其中,甲烷、一氧化碳和氮氧化物排放分为季节性和非季节性排放源,并将其参数化为时间和纬度的函数再应用到模式中去.按1990年的甲烷、一氧化碳和氮氧化物的的排放水平模拟得到了多种大气组成的分布,模拟结果与观测有较好的一致性.由于模式考虑了一氧化碳的季节变化,模拟得到的OH自由基分布更为合理.模式的建立为今后进一步研究大气微量成分的全球循环过程及其长期变化提供了有效的手段.