在北京气象塔上测量城市边界层辐射特征

利用2004年10～12月在北京325m气象铁塔上所测量的长波辐射和短波辐射垂直分层资料,分析了晴空、霾(烟、尘、轻雾)和浓雾天气条件下塔上两层的辐射特征。结果表明,城市边界层大气对短波总辐射有明显的衰减作用,2m处的总辐射280m处的总辐射。在晴好天气下,衰减比例为11.2%;在霾和雾天气下,衰减比例分别达到22.3%和36.6%。在塔上280m处测量的晴天城市地表反照率为0.12,而在霾和雾天气条件下分别为0.17和0.29。大气逆辐射(向下长波辐射)的日变化没有短波辐射的明显且有规律,晴好天气的辐射通量密度最小,霾天较大,雾天最大,2m处的大气逆辐射一般高于280m处的。向上长波辐射呈明显的日变化,且2m处的向上长波辐射日变化幅度280m处的。净辐射具有典型的日变化,晴天日变化幅度最大,霾和雾天的日变化幅度减小。晴天辐射加热最显著,278m厚气层的辐射加热达1.35℃.h-1,霾天为1.13℃.h-1,雾天为0.40℃.h-1。个例分析表明,在近地面气层内,霾中的气溶胶粒子和雾中的水滴对辐射产生程度不同的影响,并影响到辐射平衡,进而影响不同高度气层的加热和冷却,导致边界层结构的改变。     

Improving the CoLM in Taklimakan Desert hinterland with accurate key parameters and an appropriate parameterization scheme

Improving and validating land surface models based on integrated observations in deserts is one of the challenges in land modeling. Particularly, key parameters and parameterization schemes in desert regions need to be evaluated in-situ to improve the models. In this study, we calibrated the land-surface key parameters and evaluated several formulations or schemes for thermal roughness length (z 0h ) in the common land model (CoLM). Our parameter calibration and scheme evaluation were based on the observed data during a torrid summer (29 July to 11 September 2009) over the Taklimakan Desert hinterland. First, the importance of the key parameters in the experiment was evaluated based on their physics principles and the significance of these key parameters were further validated using sensitivity test. Second, difference schemes (or physics-based formulas) of z 0h were adopted to simulate the variations of energy-related variables (e.g., sensible heat flux and surface skin temperature) and the simulated variations were then compared with the observed data. Third, the z 0h scheme that performed best (i.e., Y07) was then selected to replace the defaulted one (i.e., Z98); the revised scheme and the superiority of Y07 over Z98 was further demonstrated by comparing the simulated results with the observed data. Admittedly, the revised model did a relatively poor job of simulating the diurnal variations of surface soil heat flux, and nighttime soil temperature was also underestimated, calling for further improvement of the model for desert regions.     

华北地区平流雾过程湍流输送及演变特征

利用2006年2月在天津市南部地区开展的大气湍流观测资料, 分析了平流雾生消过程中湍流输送及演变特征。结果表明: 平流雾生消过程中, 大气稳定度参数数值主要集中在弱不稳定到弱稳定范围内, 且多呈现弱不稳定状态。雾前, 大气呈弱不稳定状态, 热量的垂直和水平输送短时加强, 且水平输送较垂直输送更显著; 雾生成初期, 大气呈弱稳定层结, 湍流动量和热量的垂直及水平输送均很弱; 雾中, 大气多呈弱不稳定状态, 稳定度参数、 动量、 热量及水平与垂直热通量之比值随时间均呈多峰形振荡, 随着雾的消散, 大气由弱不稳定逐渐演变为稳定状态; 雾后, 低层大气再次呈现弱不稳定层结特征, 动量和热量输送呈单峰形日变化特征。平流雾生消过程中, 热量的水平输送随不稳定度增强而迅速减小; 大气呈稳定层结时, 热量的水平输送显著大于垂直输送, 其比值约为2。同时, 摩擦速度、 水平与垂直热通量之比值呈多峰形振荡, 振幅分别可达1.2 m/s及50。     

科尔沁沙地流动沙丘与玉米地辐射特性比较分析

利用2001年夏季内蒙古科尔沁沙地地区大气边界层实验观测资料,对比分析了流动沙丘和临近流动沙丘的玉米地两种典型下垫面的辐射通量特征。结果表明：流动沙丘和玉米地地区的总辐射与大气逆辐射相近,差异不足2%。净辐射、地表反照率、有效辐射存在较大差异,流动沙丘的净辐射明显小于玉米地,其中反照率差异的贡献约为60%,长波辐射差异的贡献约为40%。流动沙丘的反照率、有效辐射明显大于玉米地,反照率高出中国西北HEIFE实验沙漠地区约10%,有效辐射则小于沙漠地区。     

A comprehensive physical pattern of land-air dynamic and thermal structure on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau

According to the boundary layer observations of three stations (Garze, Damxung and Qamdu) and relevant earth satellite, radiosonde and surface observations during the intensive observational period (IOP) of the second Tibetan (Qinghai-Xizang) Plateau Experiment of atmospheric science (TIPEX), the land-air physical process and dynamic model on the Tibetan Plateau were comprehensively analyzed in this study. The dynamic characteristics of boundary layer and the rules of turbulent motion on the plateau were illustrated. The characteristics of distributions of wind speed and direction with mutiple-layer structure and deep convective mixed layer on the plateau, the strong buoyancy effect in turbulent motion on the plateau on which the air density is obviously smaller than on the plain, and the Ekman spiral and its dynamic pump effect of the plateau deep boundary layer have been found. The local static distribution of water vapor and the horizontal advection of water vapor in the plateau boundary layer were studied. The abnomal thermodynamic structure on the plateau surface and boundary layer, including the plateau strong radiation phenomenon and strong heating source characteristics of the middle plateau, was also analyzed. The authors synthesized the above dynamic and thermodynamic structures of both surface and boundary layers on the plateau and posed the comprehensive physical model of the turbulence and convective mixture mechanism on the plateau boundary layer. The characteristics of formation, development and movement for convective cloud cluster over the plateau influencing floods in the Yangtze River area of China were studied. The conceptual model of dynamic and thermodynamic structures of turbulent motion and convective plume related to the frequent occurrence of "pop-corn-like" cloud system is given as well.     

风杯风速仪过高效应的订正研究

该文基于对风杯风速仪动力方程的数值计算和风杯风速仪与超声风速仪平行对比的观测结果,发现专用于近地面层精细风廓线测量的轻型低阈值风杯风速仪测风的过高效应引起的u-error约为1%,因风速平均方法不同（标量平均和矢量平均）引起的DP-error是风杯风速仪测风过高的主要原因,在小风情况下更为明显。DP-error经修正后可获得合理的风速值。     

我国沙尘天气微气象学和湍流输送特征研究进展

基于风蚀起沙的物理机制,从微气象学角度回顾了国内沙尘天气的研究进展,介绍了沙尘天气过程近地面层微气象学特征,以及湍流通量演变规律和湍流作用对沙尘暴过程参数化的影响。同时,结合国外的相关研究,探讨了国内在沙尘天气研究方面存在的不足和今后的研究方向,如:开展沙尘暴过程数值模式湍流参数化方案的分析及与卫星和实验观测结果的比对研究;获取沙尘天气过程近地面层气象要素垂直廓线的精细分布,加深理解不同沙尘天气演变规律及特征;加强不同沙尘源区土壤湿度对起沙阈值影响的研究;开展不同粒径土壤的起沙率以及沙尘通量廓线演变规律的研究等。     

内蒙古科尔沁沙地起沙近地层动力学阈值的试验研究

利用内蒙古科尔沁沙地沙尘暴探测与监测试验站2008年和2009年春季沙尘和近地层观测资料,研究了不同沙尘天气条件下沙尘浓度随摩擦速度的变化规律,对比分析了不同天气(晴天、扬沙、沙尘暴和强沙尘暴)入射短波辐射和净辐射的演变,并利用两层高度沙尘浓度差,区分局地起沙和非局地起沙,有效地避免了沙尘水平输送引起的起沙阈值的低估。结果表明,起沙前,摩擦速度和沙尘浓度数值都较低;临近起沙阶段,摩擦速度迅速增大而沙尘浓度基本保持不变;起沙时,摩擦速度数值较高,沙尘浓度迅速增大;沙尘天气减弱阶段,沙尘浓度随摩擦速度近似呈线性减小。科尔沁沙地春季临界起沙摩擦速度u*t和临界起沙风速ut分别为0.62m.s-1和9.5m.s-1,扬沙、沙尘暴和强沙尘暴天气的起沙阈值依次略有增加。与晴天天气相比,沙尘天气到达地面的短波辐射和净辐射明显减少。     

自制铂丝温度脉动仪与超声风温仪温度脉动观测的对比研究

本文利用１９９２年８月进行的ＨＥＩＦＥ仪器比较实验的湍流资料，给出了自制铂丝温度脉动仪与超声风温仪进行温度脉动观测的水平比较及分析。结果表明：（１）总体上，两种探头测定的温度脉动方差和相应的温度通量一致性良好，但随着稳定度增强，超声风温仪测定的σｔ略低于铂丝值；温度谱的比较表明，因观测高度较低，超声路径平均效应引起的高频削减已起作用。（２）超声风温仪测定值的修正量显著小于前人的报导，除湿度低、地面     

上海浦东国际机场低层大气垂直风场特征研究

风廓线雷达资料具有较高的时间和空间分辨率,但多集中于强对流性天气的预报和分析。文章主要将该资料应用于低层大气风场结构的研究和分析中。利用2009年1月至2010年6月共计18个月的上海浦东国际机场LAP 3000边界层风廓线雷达探测的水平风速风向资料,根据差值后的每小时平均的风速、风向进行统计分析（垂直分辨率50 m）,发现风速极大值出现的高度具有重复性,主要出现在1000、600、500、450、550和250 m,相邻两层之间的风矢量变差的极大值主要出现在250和300 m之间。按照国际民航组织建议的的水平风的垂直切变强度标准,将各个层次之间的风矢量进行统计分类,有轻度、中度、强烈、严重四个等级的风切变,同时发现不同等级的风切变的发生具有明显的季节特征。对于浦东国际机场区域的低层垂直风场的特征及演变情况初步的分析和探讨,为今后可以更好地结合AMDAR资料、电子探空仪、微波辐射计等探测手段针对机场区域甚至是内陆部分机场关于风切变的精细化预报、预警服务的研究奠定了一定的基础。